ArticleCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology2020
The Four-Kallikrein Panel Is Effective in Identifying Aggressive Prostate Cancer in a Multiethnic Population.
Article in Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Clinical, and Biopsy Findings in Suspected Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2024Pooled it
- Present status of prostate cancer diagnosis, limitations, challenges, and future endeavors.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Comparing diagnostic prostate cancer biomarkers using a framework of clinically meaningful criteria.BJUI compass · 2026Article
- Comprehensive biochemical insights into derivatives of PSA and glycosylation-specific changes in PSA: role in diagnosis and management of prostate cancer.Clinical proteomics · 2026Review
- Translation is not exportation: why European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition rewrites the 4Kscore story.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Clinical translation of polygenic scores for prostate cancer screening.Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- Review
- Evaluation of the 4Kscore Test in Relation to Subsequent Risk of Aggressive Prostate Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Circulating microRNAs in prostate cancer - Non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy: A review.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2025Review
- Liquid Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: Current Status and Emerging Prospects.The world journal of men's health · 2025Review
- Winning hearts & minds: prostate cancer outreach and clinical trial enrollment in minority men.Translational cancer research · 2024Review
- Free PSA and Clinically Significant and Fatal Prostate Cancer in the PLCO Screening Trial.The Journal of urology · 2023Article
- Recent advances and future perspectives in the therapeutics of prostate cancer.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2023Article
- Association of Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels with Prostate Cancer Risk in a Multiethnic Population: Stability Over Time and Comparison with Polygenic Risk Score.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2022Article
- Liquid biomarkers for early detection of prostate cancer and summary of available data for their use in African-American men.Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases · 2022Review
- Induction of IDO1 and Kynurenine by Serine Proteases Subtilisin, Prostate Specific Antigen, CD26 and HtrA: A New Form of Immunosuppression?Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Liquid biomarkers in active surveillance.World journal of urology · 2022Review
- Blood and urine biomarkers in prostate cancer: Are we ready for reflex testing in men with an elevated prostate-specific antigen?Asian journal of urology · 2021Review
- Prospective validation of microseminoprotein-β added to the 4Kscore in predicting high-grade prostate cancer in an international multicentre cohort.BJU international · 2021Article
- Tissue- and Liquid-Based Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Precision Medicine.Journal of personalized medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe four-kallikrein (4K) panel has been demonstrated to improve prediction of aggressive prostate cancer compared with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) among men with moderately elevated PSA levels. However, the development and testing of the 4K panel has been conducted primarily in White men, with limited data in African Americans and no studies in other racial and ethnic groups.
methodsWe evaluated the 4K panel in a nested case-control study among African American, Latino, Japanese, Native Hawaiian, and White men in the Multiethnic Cohort. Prediagnostic blood levels of free, intact, and total PSA and human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 were measured among 1,667 incident prostate cancer cases and 691 controls with PSA ≥2 ng/mL. We evaluated the discriminative ability of the 4K panel within and across all racial/ethnic groups.
resultsThe 4K panel enhanced discrimination of overall prostate cancer compared with free plus total PSA and total PSA alone (AUC 0.748 vs. 0.711 and 0.669, respectively). Discrimination was further enhanced for Gleason 8+ prostate cancer, aggressive prostate cancer, and death due to prostate cancer, and to a lesser degree for nonaggressive prostate cancer. Improvement of the 4K panel over PSA was observed in each population. Adding a prostate cancer polygenic risk score slightly improved upon the discriminative ability of the 4K panel.
conclusionsThe superior discriminative ability of the 4K panel over PSA for overall and aggressive prostate cancer across multiethnic populations indicates the broad clinical applicability of the 4K panel. IMPACT: Our multiethnic investigation suggests potential for the 4K panel to improve current prostate cancer screening practices.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.