ReviewToxins2020
Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Immune Dysfunctions: Impact of Protein-Bound Uremic Retention Solutes on Immune Cells.
Review in Toxins, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07182422 (Impact of Kremezin on Renal Recovery and Uremic Toxin Levels in Patients With Acute Kidney Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 117 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Impact of Kremezin on Renal Recovery and Uremic Toxin Levels in Patients With Acute Kidney Disease
Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Profiling of human and microbial cell-free DNA reflects early host-pathogen interactions in sepsis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- Intensive oral prophylaxis does not alter the tongue microbiome in young patients with chronic kidney disease: longitudinal, randomized, controlled study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Trial
- Can curcumin supplementation reduce plasma levels of gut-derived uremic toxins in hemodialysis patients? A pilot randomized, double-blind, controlled study.International urology and nephrology · 2021Trial
- Associations of Pre-Pandemic CKD With Acute and Post-Acute COVID-19: The C4R Study.American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2026Article
- Article
- Bacteremia Identified After Emergency Department Discharge in Adults: A Retrospective Analysis of Outcomes and Risk Factors.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Impact of Severe Albuminuria on the Proinflammatory Monocyte Subset CD14++CD16+ and Antigen-Specific Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Hydrocortisone Use for Septic Shock in Patients With CKD.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- Prognostic Value of Inflammatory Indices and the Advanced Lung Cancer Inflammation Index (ALI) for Survival Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease Severity on COVID-19 Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Epigenetic reprogramming by BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccination: A novel strategy to reverse immunodeficiency in chronic kidney disease.The Indian journal of medical research · 2026Review
- Signal detection and analysis of adverse events associated with sevelamer post-marketing based on the FAERS database.Medicine · 2026Article
- Efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors in genitourinary cancers with advanced chronic kidney disease.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- CutaneousInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Changing Patterns in Infective Endocarditis: A Contemporary Epidemiological Perspective.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Impact of CKD on perioperative outcomes following TURBT: a national NSQIP analysis.World journal of urology · 2026Article
- Multimorbidity and risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Population-based case-control study.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2026Article
- Herpes Zoster in Patients Treated with JAK Inhibitors for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Incidence, Associated Factors and Vaccination Uptake in a Real-World Cohort.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in patients with chronic kidney disease.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Article
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Regardless of the primary disease responsible for kidney failure, patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) have in common multiple impairments of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, the pathophysiology of which has long remained enigmatic. CKD-associated immune dysfunction includes chronic low-grade activation of monocytes and neutrophils, which induces endothelial damage and increases cardiovascular risk. Although innate immune effectors are activated during CKD, their anti-bacterial capacity is impaired, leading to increased susceptibility to extracellular bacterial infections. Finally, CKD patients are also characterized by profound alterations of cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses, which account for an increased risk for malignancies and viral infections. This review summarizes the recent emerging data that link the pathophysiology of CKD-associated immune dysfunctions with the accumulation of microbiota-derived metabolites, including indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, the two best characterized protein-bound uremic retention solutes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.