ArticlePloS one2020
The determinants of handwashing behaviour among internally displaced women in two camps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence, barriers, and motivators of appropriate handwashing practice among mothers of under-five children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Handwashing with soap and influencing factors in crisis-affected refugee populations in Kenya and Uganda.Conflict and health · 2025Article
- Exploring Hygiene Behaviours Among Child Caregivers in Rural Malawi Using Multilevel Logistic Models.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- The determinants of handwashing in humanitarian crisis setting during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-country analysis.Health promotion international · 2024Article
- Article
- Determinants of Handwashing at Critical Times Among Mothers/Caregivers of Children Under-Five Years Old: Panel Data Evidence From Rural Afghanistan.Environmental health insights · 2024Article
- Article
- Facilitating hand hygiene in displacement camps during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative assessment of a novel handwashing stand and hygiene promotion package.Conflict and health · 2022Article
- Behavioural Determinants of COVID-19-Vaccine Acceptance in Rural Areas of Six Lower- and Middle-Income Countries.Vaccines · 2022Article
- How is hygiene behaviour affected by conflict and displacement? A qualitative case study in Northern Iraq.PloS one · 2022Article
- COVID-19 and handwashing: Implications for water use in Sub-Saharan Africa.Water resources and economics · 2021Article
- Article
- Hygiene Behavior and COVID-19 Pandemic: Opportunities of COVID-19-Imposed Changes in Hygiene Behavior.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDiarrhoea is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity among populations displaced due to conflict. Handwashing with soap has the potential to halve the burden of diarrhoeal diseases in crisis contexts. This study aimed to identify which determinants drive handwashing behaviour in post-conflict, displacement camps.
methodsThis study was conducted in two camps for internally displaced people in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A Barrier Analysis questionnaire was used for assessing the determinants of hand washing behaviour. Participants were screened and classified as either 'doers' (those who wash their hands with soap at critical times) or 'non-doers' (those who do not wash their hands with soap at critical times). Forty-five doers and non-doers were randomly selected from each camp and asked about behavioural determinants. The Barrier Analysis standard tabulation sheet was used for the analysis.
resultsNo differences were observed between doers and non-doers in relation to self-efficacy, action efficacy, the difficulties and benefits of handwashing, and levels of access to soap and water. In the first of the two camps, non-doers found it harder to remember to wash their hands (P = 0.045), had lower perceived vulnerability to diarrhoea (P = 0.037), lower perceived severity of diarrhoea (P = 0.020) and were aware of 'policies' which supported handwashing with soap (P = 0.037). In the second camp non-doers had lower perceived vulnerability to diarrhoea (P = 0.017).
conclusionsIn these camp settings handwashing behaviour, and the factors that determine it, was relatively homogenous because of the homogeneity of the settings and the socio-demographics of population. Handwashing programmes should seek to improve the convenience and quality of handwashing facilities, create cues to trigger handwashing behaviour and increase perceived risk. We identify several ways to improve the validity of the Barrier Analysis method such as using it in combination with other more holistic qualitative tools and revising the statistical analysis.
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