ReviewIntensive care medicine2020
Antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill adult patients: a Position Paper
Review in Intensive care medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04986254 (A Multi-centre Study to Define Novel Individualised Dosing Regimens to Maximise Antibiotic Effectiveness for Treatment of Pneumonia in Intensive Care Units), which is not on this map. Cited by 527 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Multi-centre Study to Define Novel Individualised Dosing Regimens to Maximise Antibiotic Effectiveness for Treatment of Pneumonia in Intensive Care Units
Who cites it
527 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 980 citations in OpenAlex.
- Precision Dosing of Vancomycin: A Systematic Review of Population Pharmacokinetics Models and Comparative Evaluation of Software Tools.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2026Pooled it
- Therapeutic drug monitoring and the role of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in optimizing beta-lactam antibiotic dosing for deep-seated infections: a systematic review.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Pooled it
- Antibacterial Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO): A Systematic Review of Population Pharmacokinetic Studies.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2026Pooled it
- β-lactam infusion strategies in critical illness: is continuous superior to extended infusion? A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- [S3 guideline on renal replacement therapy in intensive care medicine : Evidence-based implementation of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients].Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin · 2025Guideline
- Factors affecting voriconazole pharmacokinetic variability in critically ill patients: a systematic review.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Linezolid use in post-neurosurgical central nervous system infections: A systematic review.Neurosurgical review · 2025Pooled it
- Bibliometric analysis of global research on the clinical applications of aminoglycoside antibiotics: improving efficacy and decreasing risk.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Intrapulmonary penetration of ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam administered by continuous infusion in critically ill patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized pharmacokinetic trial.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Protein Binding Determination of Cefepime, Flucloxacillin, Meropenem, Piperacillin and Tazobactam by Ultrafiltration in Critically Ill Patients: The Choice of Device Matters.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2026Article
- Extracorporeal circuit-related hemodilution in pediatric CKRT: the dilution factor concept.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Research trends and emerging topics in antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring: a bibliometric analysis with implications for clinical pharmacy practice.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2026Review
- Rethinking Cefepime Neurotoxicity: An Integrated PK-Neuromonitoring Approach for Neurocritical Care.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Implementing a Model-Informed Precision Dosing Service for Cefepime in a Quaternary Children's Hospital: A First-Year Experience.Therapeutic drug monitoring · 2026Article
- De-Escalation of Broad-Spectrum and Last-Resort Antibiotics in Critically Ill Adults with Gram-Negative Infections: A Scoping Review and Evidence-Informed Framework for Tertiary-Care ICUs.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- ESBL-ProducingPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Rising Carbapenem MICs and Clinical Dose Optimization: Bridging Resistance Surveillance and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Strategies.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pyridoxic Acid as a Novel Endogenous Biomarker for OAT-Mediated Clearance of Meropenem: A Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and PK/PD-Response Analysis in Patients with Sepsis.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Integrating CRRT as a Virtual Organ Into Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Optimize Antimicrobial Dosing in Septic Patients.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026Article
467 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 16 institutions in 10 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis Position Paper aims to review and discuss the available data on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antibacterials, antifungals and antivirals in critically ill adult patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). This Position Paper also provides a practical guide on how TDM can be applied in routine clinical practice to improve therapeutic outcomes in critically ill adult patients.
methodsLiterature review and analysis were performed by Panel Members nominated by the endorsing organisations, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic and Critically Ill Patient Study Groups of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), International Association for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology (IATDMCT) and International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC). Panel members made recommendations for whether TDM should be applied clinically for different antimicrobials/classes.
resultsTDM-guided dosing has been shown to be clinically beneficial for aminoglycosides, voriconazole and ribavirin. For most common antibiotics and antifungals in the ICU, a clear therapeutic range has been established, and for these agents, routine TDM in critically ill patients appears meritorious. For the antivirals, research is needed to identify therapeutic targets and determine whether antiviral TDM is indeed meritorious in this patient population. The Panel Members recommend routine TDM to be performed for aminoglycosides, beta-lactam antibiotics, linezolid, teicoplanin, vancomycin and voriconazole in critically ill patients.
conclusionAlthough TDM should be the standard of care for most antimicrobials in every ICU, important barriers need to be addressed before routine TDM can be widely employed worldwide.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.