ArticleHeliyon2020
Exploring geographical variations and inequalities in access to improved water and sanitation in Ethiopia: mapping and spatial analysis.
Article in Heliyon, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Do sociodemographic factors modify the association between antenatal care utilisation and acute respiratory infection among infants in Ethiopia?PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Determinants of Improved Household Sanitation Use in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Logistic Regression Analysis.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Predicting determinants of unimproved water supply in Ethiopia using machine learning analysis of EDHS-2019 data.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Geospatial distribution of unimproved water source and sanitation facilities in Ethiopia: evidence from the latest demographic and health survey (2019).Scientific reports · 2025Article
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- Rural-urban disparities in basic sanitation access among households: a multivariable decomposition analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey 2019.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Water, sanitation, and hygiene service inequalities and their associated factors among urban slums and rural communities in Eastern Ethiopia.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Geospatial Overlap of Undernutrition and Tuberculosis in Ethiopia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- A multi-scale approach mapping spatial equality of urban public facilities for urban design.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Unimproved source of drinking water and its associated factors: a spatial and multilevel analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Access to Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hand Hygiene Facilities in the Peri-Urban and Informal Settlements of Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia.Environmental health insights · 2023Article
- Challenges of sanitation in developing counties - Evidenced from a study of fourteen towns, Ethiopia.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Spatial and multilevel analysis of sanitation service access and related factors among households in Ethiopia: Using 2019 Ethiopian national dataset.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Anaemia, anthropometric undernutrition and associated factors among mothers with children younger than 2 years of age in the rural Dale district, southern Ethiopia: A community-based study.Maternal & child nutrition · 2022Article
- The effect of financial inclusion on open defecation and sharing of toilet facilities among households in Ghana.PloS one · 2022Article
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- Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Proportion of Unimproved Drinking Water Sources in Rural Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopian Socioeconomic Surveys (2011 to 2019).Journal of environmental and public health · 2022Article
- Article
- The Role of Household Flooring on Childhood Diarrhea Among Children 0 to 23 Months of Age in Ethiopia: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study Using a Multi-Level Mixed Effect Analysis.Environmental health insights · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ensuring access to improved water and sanitation remains a public health challenge in Ethiopia. Exploring access to improved drinking-water supply and sanitation will help to track the progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The aim of this study was to explore geographical variations and inequalities in access to improved drinking water and sanitation in Ethiopia. A total of 16,650 households from 643 enumeration areas of the recent Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data were extracted and included in the analysis. World Health Organization recommended definitions were used to measure indicators of improved drinking water and sanitation at enumeration areas. SaTScan™ software was used for spatial analysis using enumeration areas as centers for exploring geographical variations of improved water and sanitation. Absolute and relative inequalities were used to quantify regional inequalities in access to improved water and sanitation. Nationwide access to improved drinking water and sanitation in Ethiopia was 49.6% (95% CI: 48.4-50.7) and 6.3% (5.8-6.8), respectively, with large variations between and within regions (using the categories and definitions that were in effect for monitoring coverage in 2016). Access to improved drinking water ranged from 28.5% in Somali Region to 95.3% in Addis Ababa city whereas access to improved sanitation ranged from 1.7% in Amhara Region to 24% in Dire Dawa city. Households lacking access to improved water and sanitation were clustered in northern (Amhara Region) and southern (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region) parts of Ethiopia. Most enumeration areas had very low level of access to improved drinking water and/or sanitation. This analysis demonstrated the existence of geographical variations and inequalities in access to improved drinking water and sanitation in Ethiopia. Therefore strategies to improve access for safe drinking water and sanitation should consider geographical variations and inequalities at a subnational scale.
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