ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2020
Supramolecular attack particles are autonomous killing entities released from cytotoxic T cells.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-inspired nanotherapeutics chaperoning granzyme B for tumor immune remodeling.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Immunomodulatory role and therapeutic potential of thrombospondin-1 during infectious diseases and autoimmunity.BMC biology · 2026Review
- Discriminating Post-Transplant Rejection from Infection by Detecting TCR-CD3 Oligomerization on Extracellular Vesicles Using a Ratiometric Caliper Probe.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2026Article
- How crosstalk at the immune synapse shapes T cell and dendritic cell biology.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- The roles and heterogeneity of CD8International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Lytic IFNγ is stored in cytotoxic granules and coreleased with granzyme B to mediate cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- Multiomics Analysis Reveals Distinct Changes in the Cellular Composition of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus.Journal of lower genital tract disease · 2026Article
- Mixed-mobility supported lipid bilayers uncover the role of immobilized ICAM1 on T cell activation and immune synapse organization.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- T-Cell-Derived Exosomes From Multi Core Granules Exhibit Superior Caspase-3-Mediated Tumor-Suppressive Activity Compared to Those From Multivesicular Bodies.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- The mechanism regulating the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells activated by mycobacterium tuberculosis heat-resistant antigen based on RNA-seq analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Genetic engineering of systemically injectable oncolytic viruses for pyroptosis-accelerated cancer virotherapy.Nature cancer · 2026Article
- Thrombospondin-1-CD47 signaling contributes to the development of T cell exhaustion in cancer.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Disrupting membranes, controlling cell fate: the role of pore-forming proteins in cell death and therapy.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2025Review
- Immunological synapse: structures, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications in disease.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Exomeres and supermeres: Current advances and perspectives.Bioactive materials · 2025Review
- Article
- IFT20 regulates TFEB-dependent lytic granule biogenesis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes by orchestrating the MPR-dependent transport of granzyme B.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- Extracellular particles: emerging insights into central nervous system diseases.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Activation-induced thrombospondin-4 works with thrombospondin-1 to build cytotoxic supramolecular attack particles.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Harnessing extracellular vesicle-mediated crosstalk between T cells and cancer cells for therapeutic applications.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025Review
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill infected and cancerous cells. We detected transfer of cytotoxic multiprotein complexes, called supramolecular attack particles (SMAPs), from CTLs to target cells. SMAPs were rapidly released from CTLs and were autonomously cytotoxic. Mass spectrometry, immunochemical analysis, and CRISPR editing identified a carboxyl-terminal fragment of thrombospondin-1 as an unexpected SMAP component that contributed to target killing. Direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy resolved a cytotoxic core surrounded by a thrombospondin-1 shell of ~120 nanometer diameter. Cryo-soft x-ray tomography analysis revealed that SMAPs had a carbon-dense shell and were stored in multicore granules. We propose that SMAPs are autonomous extracellular killing entities that deliver cytotoxic cargo targeted by the specificity of shell components.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.