Trial reportStem cells and development2020
Exosomes Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Treatment for Severe COVID-19.
Trial report in Stem cells and development, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06002841 (Extracellular Vesicles From Mesenchymal Cells in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Failure Associated With SARS-CoV-2 and Other Etiologies), which is not on this map. Cited by 455 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Extracellular Vesicles From Mesenchymal Cells in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Failure Associated With SARS-CoV-2 and Other Etiologies: a Clinical Trial, Randomized, Double-blind.
Who cites it
455 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 740 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their derived extracellular vesicles for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy vs. standard of care in patients diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cells therapy in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunomodulatory Therapeutics: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Preclinical Studies.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2024Pooled it
- Combinatorial Effect of Biomaterials and Extracellular Vesicle Therapy for Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies.Advanced healthcare materials · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of mesenchymal stromal cells-derived extracellular vesicles as a treatment to heal diabetic wounds: A meta-analysis.International wound journal · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells for COVID-19 pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Stem cell research & therapy · 2023Pooled it
- The safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells in ARDS: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Critical care (London, England) · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical investigation on nebulized human umbilical cord MSC-derived extracellular vesicles for pulmonary fibrosis treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Trial
- Human placental mesenchymal stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles as a treatment for severe COVID-19: A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Trial
- From Cell-Derived Vesicles to Hybrid Nanovectors: Biological Membranes as Functional Blueprints for Gene Delivery.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles as Molecular Regulators of Viral Infection: Implications for COVID-19 and Future Viral Pandemics.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Small Extracellular Vesicles in Cardioprotection, Cardiac Repair, and Regeneration: Cargo Mechanisms, Producer Cell Sources, and Translational Development.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles at the Interface of Cancer Therapy and Regenerative Medicine: Biology, Bidirectional Roles, and Engineered Therapeutics.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicle Treatment of Respiratory Failure from COVID-19: Endpoint Analysis of Expanded Access Safety Trial.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Article
- Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles and artificial nanovesicles: a translational framework for cell-free wound repair.NPJ Regenerative medicine · 2026Review
- Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-Free Therapies: Challenges and Opportunities.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Review
- Assessment of hESC-IMRC-Exo for Cardiac and Cerebral Injuries Post-Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms governing exosome biogenesis, engineering strategies, and emerging role as cell-free therapeutics.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes mitigate COVID-19 cytokine storm via Annexin A1 and TGF-β mediated MAPK pathway inhibition.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Article
395 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This prospective nonrandomized open-label cohort study addresses the safety and efficacy of exosomes (ExoFlo™) derived from allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as treatment for severe COVID-19. During April 2020, ExoFlo was provided to 24 SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction-positive patients at a single hospital center, all of whom met criteria for severe COVID-19 as well as moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Patients received a single 15 mL intravenous dose of ExoFlo and were evaluated for both safety and efficacy from days 1 to 14 post-treatment. All safety endpoints were met with no adverse events observed within 72 h of ExoFlo administration. A survival rate of 83% was observed. In total, 17 of 24 (71%) patients recovered, 3 of 24 (13%) patients remained critically ill though stable, and 4 of 24 (16%) patients expired for reasons unrelated to the treatment. Overall, after one treatment, patients' clinical status and oxygenation improved with an average pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (PaO
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.