ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2021
Reproductive Health Disparities in the USA: Self-Reported Race/Ethnicity Predicts Age of Menarche and Live Birth Ratios, but Not Infertility.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Spontaneous Female and Male Fertility: A Systematic Review.Journal of physical activity & health · 2023Pooled it
- Definition of Sporadic Early-Onset Invasive Solid Organ Cancers in Adults.Oncology and therapy · 2026Article
- How far is the clinic? Urbanicity and sociodemographic variation in the distance to assisted reproductive technology clinics in the USA.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Article
- Fecundability in Association With Everyday and Lifetime Discrimination.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Racial and ethnic disparities in fecundability: a North American preconception cohort study.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- The association between age at menarche and infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Contraception and reproductive medicine · 2025Review
- Disparities in Breast Cancer Care-How Factors Related to Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment Drive Inequity.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Participants' satisfaction with social security is closely associated with their acceptance of vulnerable groups: a nationwide cross-sectional study in China.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Age affects the association between socioeconomic status and infertility: a cross-sectional study.BMC women's health · 2023Article
- Parental sociodemographics of medically assisted reproduction births in the United States: a dyadic population-level study.F&S reports · 2023Article
- Young-Onset Cancers-Early Steps in the Right Direction.Cancers · 2023Article
- Neighborhood Racial and Economic Privilege and Timing of Pubertal Onset in Girls.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2023Article
- The association between early menarche and higher-risk cardiometabolic profile: a dose-response analysis of the Tabari cohort at enrollment phase.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Article
- Transgenerational effect of Mothers' experiences of discrimination on Black youths' hormone coupling in response to laboratory stress.Research in human development · 2023Article
- Geographic distribution of assisted reproductive technology clinics in the USA: a multilevel sociodemographic analysis.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Self-identified race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) contribute to disparities in several health domains, although research on their effects on women's reproductive function has largely focused on links between SES and age of menarche. Here, we assessed whether race/ethnicity, SES, and downstream correlates of SES such as food security and health-insurance security are associated with age of menarche, infertility, and live birth ratios (ratios of recognized pregnancies resulting in live births) in the USA. We used cross-sectional data from 1694 women aged 12-18 years for menarche (2007-2016), 974 women aged 23-45 for infertility (2013-2016), and 1714 women aged 23-45 for live birth ratios (2007-2016) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We estimated multiple linear and logistic regressions with survey weights to test these associations. When controlling for lifestyle (activity levels, smoking, alcohol consumption) and physiological factors (diabetes, weight status), non-Hispanic (NH) black and Hispanic girls reported a significantly lower age of menarche by about 4.3 (standard error [SE] = 0.08, p < 0.001), and 3.2 months (SE = 0.09, p < 0.001), respectively, relative to NH white girls. NH black women reported live birth ratios 9% (SE = 0.02, p < 0.001) lower than NH white women. Women with unstable health insurance reported live birth ratios 6% (SE = 0.02, p = 0.02) lower than women with stable health insurance. Race/ethnicity, SES, and its downstream correlates were not associated with infertility. One hypothesized explanation for observed disparities in age of menarche and live birth ratios is the embodiment of discrimination faced by NH black women within the USA. Our findings also underscore the importance of health insurance access for favorable reproductive health outcomes. Future work should elucidate the role of embodied discrimination and other downstream correlates of SES in modulating women's reproductive health outcomes to inform strategies to mitigate health disparities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.