ArticleBMJ open2020
Cost of hospital treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) compared to the non-diabetes population: a detailed economic evaluation.
Article in BMJ open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D for Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Public support for policies to improve population and planetary health: A population-based online experiment assessing impact of communicating evidence of multiple versus single benefits.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Trial
- [Construction of an evaluation indicator system for standardized prevention and control of type 1 diabetes mellitus].Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2026Article
- Introducing diabetes emotional well-being into routine consultations for adults with type 1 diabetes.Metabologia · 2026Article
- Heart Failure in Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Shared Pathways, Distinct Challenges.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Review
- Confronting the economic burden of diabetes: Can TCM DRG payment reform in China offer a viable solution? Insights from empirical research in Western China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Hospital-based Costs to the National Health Service (UK) for Children and Adolescents Born with Cleft from Birth to 20 Years.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2025Article
- The heterogeneity of youth at risk of prediabetes and diabetes: A latent class analysis of a United States national sample.Preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Does glycaemic control or renal function provide a better indicator for the service support required in type 1 diabetes?Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025Article
- Discovering the hidden emotional burden: Systematic screening for diabetes distress in adults with type 1 diabetes in nurse-led routine diabetes care.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025Article
- Advances in Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Clinical Applications.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Review
- Health impacts of takeaway management zones around schools in six different local authorities across England: a public health modelling study using PRIMEtime.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Review
- Continuous glucose monitoring for the routine care of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Relationship between the cost of illness and quality of life among adolescents with type 1 diabetes-a mixed method study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A Podcast on the Use of CGM in Optimizing Type 2 Diabetes Management with Non-intensive Insulin Treatment in the Primary Care Setting.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2024Article
- Sodium Glucose Transporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2Is)-TLRs Axis Modulates Diabetes.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2023Review
- Association of Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity Level With Risks of Hospitalization for 25 Common Health Conditions in UK Adults.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- The role of the interferon/JAK-STAT axis in driving islet HLA-I hyperexpression in type 1 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Hospital costs associated with adverse events in people with diabetes in the UK.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesOther than age, diabetes is the largest contributor to overall healthcare costs and reduced life expectancy in Europe. This paper aims to more exactly quantify the net impact of diabetes on different aspects of healthcare provision in hospitals in England, building on previous work that looked at the determinants of outcome in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
settingNHS Digital Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) in England was combined with the National Diabetes Audit (NDA) to provide the total number in practice of people with T1DM/T2DM. OUTCOME MEASURES: We compared differences between T1DM/T2DM and non-diabetes individuals in relation to hospital activity and associated cost.
resultsThe study captured 90% of hospital activity and £36 billion/year of hospital spend. The NDA Register showed that out of a total reported population of 58 million, 2.9 million (6.5%) had T2DM and 240 000 (0.6%) had T1DM. Bed-day analysis showed 17% of beds are occupied by T2DM and 3% by T1DM. The overall cost of hospital care for people with diabetes is £5.5 billion/year. Once the normally expected costs including the older age of T2DM hospital attenders are allowed for this fell to £3.0 billion/year or 8% of the total captured secondary care costs. This equates to £560/non-diabetes person compared with £3280/person with T1DM and £1686/person with T2DM. For people with diabetes, the net excess impact on non-elective/emergency work is £1.2 billion with additional estimated diabetes-related accident & emergency attendances at 440 000 costing the NHS £70 million/year. T1DM individuals required five times more secondary care support than non-diabetes individuals. T2DM individuals, even allowing for the age, require twice as much support as non-diabetes individuals.
conclusionsThis analysis shows that additional cost of provision of hospital services due to their diabetes comorbidities is £3 billion above that for non-diabetes, and that within this, T1DM has three times as much cost impact as T2DM. We suggest that supporting patients in diabetes management may significantly reduce hospital activity.
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