ReviewAutoimmunity reviews2020
Immunomodulatory therapy for the management of severe COVID-19. Beyond the anti-viral therapy: A comprehensive review.
Review in Autoimmunity reviews, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 135 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
135 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 243 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hydroxychloroquine for treatment of nonsevere COVID-19 patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.Journal of medical virology · 2021Pooled it
- Association between convalescent plasma and the risk of mortality among patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis.F1000Research · 2021Pooled it
- Corticosteroid use in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes.Critical care (London, England) · 2020Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of steroid therapy in COVID-19: A rapid systematic review and Meta-analysis.Indian journal of pharmacologyPooled it
- Comparison of the efficacy of equivalent doses of dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, and hydrocortisone for treatment of COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective three-arm randomized clinical trial.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2023Trial
- Efficacy and safety of Levamisole treatment in clinical presentations of non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Heat-inactivated Bacillus spores attenuate poly I:C-induced lung inflammation and microbiome alterations through modulation of host immune responses.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Caspases and brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels and their Correlations with Psychiatric Symptoms in post-COVID-19.Neurotoxicity research · 2025Article
- Comprehensive and translational pathobiology of COVID-19 based on cellular and molecular techniques.Practical laboratory medicine · 2025Review
- Comprehensive review on COVID-19: etiology, pathogenicity, and treatment.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Spatially resolved single-cell atlas unveils a distinct cellular signature of fatal lung COVID-19 in a Malawian population.Nature medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Role of interleukin 6 polymorphism and inflammatory markers in outcome of pediatric Covid- 19 patients.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Small Molecules for the Treatment of Long-COVID-Related Vascular Damage and Abnormal Blood Clotting: A Patent-Based Appraisal.Viruses · 2024Article
- Article
- The Efficacy of Oral/Intravenous Corticosteroid Use in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review.Journal of experimental pharmacology · 2024Review
- The impact of COVID-19 on accelerating of immunosenescence and brain aging.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Microglial Inflammatory Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Comprehensive Review.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- Knowledge mapping of COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases: a visual and bibliometric analysis.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Article
- Extension of Lung Damage at Chest Computed Tomography in Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients Treated with Interleukin-6 Receptor Blockers Correlates with Inflammatory Cytokines Production and Prognosis.Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) · 2023Article
75 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome related to Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) may cause severe illness in 20% of patients. This may be in part due to an uncontrolled immune-response to SARS-CoV-2 infection triggering a systemic hyperinflammatory response, the so-called "cytokine storm". The reduction of this inflammatory immune-response could be considered as a potential therapeutic target against severe COVID-19. The relationship between inflammation and clot activation must also be considered. Furthermore, we must keep in mind that currently, no specific antiviral treatment is available for SARS-CoV-2. While moderate-severe forms need in-hospital surveillance plus antivirals and/or hydroxychloroquine; in severe and life-threating subsets a high intensity anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapy could be a therapeutic option. However, right data on the effectiveness of different immunomodulating drugs are scarce. Herein, we discuss the pathogenesis and the possible role played by drugs such as: antimalarials, anti-IL6, anti-IL-1, calcineurin and JAK inhibitors, corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, heparins, angiotensin-converting enzyme agonists and statins in severe COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.