ReviewAutoimmunity reviews2020
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
Review in Autoimmunity reviews, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04540926 (Utility of Low Doses of Corticosteroids and Cyclosporine Combined With Enoxaparin, in Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia at the ISSSTE Regional Hospital, Puebla, During the Contingency Period Due to the SARS-Cov2 Pandemic), which is not on this map. Cited by 397 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Utility of Low Doses of Corticosteroids and Cyclosporine Combined With Enoxaparin, in Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia at the ISSSTE Regional Hospital, Puebla, During the Contingency Period Due to the SARS-Cov2 Pandemic
Who cites it
397 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Ascertaining the mechanistic etiology of COVID-associated glomerulonephritis: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Efficacy and secondary infection risk of tocilizumab, sarilumab and anakinra in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Associations between Serum Interleukins (IL-1BioMed research international · 2022Pooled it
- Systemic review of CNS involvement and its manifestations in SARS-CoV2 positive patients.Journal of infection and public health · 2021Pooled it
- The Effect of Potassium Canrenoate (Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist) on the Markers of Inflammation in the Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia and Fibrosis-A Secondary Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Anakinra Plus Standard of Care for Patients With Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Phase 2/3 Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- The Effect of Weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin DNutrients · 2023Trial
- Safety and long-term improvement of mesenchymal stromal cell infusion in critically COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial.Stem cell research & therapy · 2022Trial
- Efficacy of colchicine in patients with moderate COVID-19: A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.PloS one · 2022Trial
- Could pulmonary low-dose radiation therapy be an alternative treatment for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia? Preliminary results of a multicenter SEOR-GICOR nonrandomized prospective trial (IPACOVID trial).Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2021Trial
- Early treatment of COVID-19 with anakinra guided by soluble urokinase plasminogen receptor plasma levels: a double-blind, randomized controlled phase 3 trial.Nature medicine · 2021Trial
- The efficacy of corticosteroids therapy in patients with moderate to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter, randomized, open-label trial.Respiratory research · 2021Trial
- Serum IP-10 and IL-7 levels are associated with disease severity of coronavirus disease 2019.Cytokine · 2021Trial
- Cyclosporine A plus low-dose steroid treatment in COVID-19 improves clinical outcomes in patients with moderate to severe disease: A pilot study.Journal of internal medicine · 2021Trial
- An Iron-Complement Network Model of Thromboinflammation and Humoral Immune Remodeling in Severe COVID-19.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Interleukins in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Immunopathogenesis, Therapeutic Perspectives and Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Research square · 2026Article
337 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-19 pandemic (COVID-19), which appeared in China in December 2019 and rapidly spread throughout the world, has forced clinicians and scientists to take up extraordinary challenges. This unprecedented situation led to the inception of numerous fundamental research protocols and many clinical trials. It quickly became apparent that although COVID-19, in the vast majority of cases, was a benign disease, it could also develop a severe form with sometimes fatal outcomes. Cytokines are central to the pathophysiology of COVID-19; while some of them are beneficial (type-I interferon, interleukin-7), others appear detrimental (interleukin-1β, -6, and TNF-α) particularly in the context of the so-called cytokine storm. Yet another characteristic of the disease has emerged: concomitant immunodeficiency, notably involving impaired type-I interferon response, and lymphopenia. This review provides an overview of current knowledge on COVID-19 immunopathology. We discuss the defective type-I IFN response, the theoretical role of IL-7 to restore lymphocyte repertoire, as well as we mention the two patterns observed in severe COVID-19 (i.e. interleukin-1β-driven macrophage activation syndrome vs. interleukin-6-driven immune dysregulation). Next, reviewing current evidence drawn from clinical trials, we examine a number of cytokine and anti-cytokine therapies, including interleukin-1, -6, and TNF inhibitors, as well as less targeted therapies, such as corticosteroids, chloroquine, or JAK inhibitors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.