ArticleBMC health services research2020
Inequality of opportunity in healthcare expenditures: evidence from China.
Article in BMC health services research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
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- A multicenter cross-sectional study on factors associated with caregiving appraisal in pediatric acute leukemia caregivers.PloS one · 2025Article
- Enhancing pooling levels strengthens the risk resilience of healthcare insurance: a case study of basic medical insurance fund operations data in Gansu, China.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Will urban scale affect health services inequity? The empirical evidence from cities in China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Inequality of opportunity in outpatient expenditure among the elderly with multimorbidity: evidence from China.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
- A generalized deep learning model for heart failure diagnosis using dynamic and static ultrasound.Journal of translational internal medicine · 2023Article
- Inequality of opportunity in health service utilization among middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling adults in China.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2023Article
- The intervention dilemma and high burden of children with autism in Guizhou province, Southwest China.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Place of death and phenomenon of going home to die in Chinese adults: A prospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2022Article
- From conventional healthcare to e-health: Social and spatial transformation. Using a comparison between Hong Kong and Mainland China.Journal of clinical and translational research · 2021Review
- Private Healthcare Expenditure in China: A Regional Comparative Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe theory of equality of opportunity attributes total inequality to effort levels and circumstance factors. Inequality attributable to circumstance is defined as inequality of opportunity (IOp), namely inequity. Many studies have been pursued in this area but few concerning health care, especially in China. Despite Chinese health system reforms, healthcare inequity remains. This study explores the extent and sources of IOp in outpatient and inpatient expenditures in China.
methodsWe used three waves (2011, 2013 and 2015) of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study that offer a nationally representative sample of Chinese residents aged 45 and older. Based on a pooled regression model, we estimated the contribution of circumstance factors to the inequality in outpatient and inpatient expenditures by defining a counterfactual distribution. The "circumstance-free effort" was introduced to deal with the correlation between circumstance and effort.
resultsWe report a decline in inequity from 2011 to 2015, and the IOp ratio to total inequality in outpatient and inpatient expenditures decreased 9.4% (from 28.6 to 25.9%) and 3.3% (from 49.1 to 47.5%), respectively. Social background, medical supply-side factors, including the type of basic medical insurance, region and community medical resources were important sources of IOp in outpatient and inpatient expenditures.
conclusionsThese findings provide information on which to base policies designed to reduce inequity in healthcare expenditures. It is necessary to transfer more subsidies to the New Co-operative Medical System, and to address the uneven regional distribution of medical resources. Additionally, increasing access to quality primary community clinics may be a pro-poor policy to alleviate inequity in the use of outpatient care. Compared to outpatient services, policies protecting vulnerable populations need to pay more attention to the financing and design of inpatient services.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.