ArticlePloS one2020
Incidence and predictors of extrapulmonary tuberculosis among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Opportunistic infections among schoolchildren who were on antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical spectrum of extrapulmonary tuberculosis at a tertiary care centre in Ghana: a retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Tuberculosis Incidence and Predictors Among People Living With HIV After Isoniazid-Rifapentine (3HP) Preventive Therapy in Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of tropical medicine · 2026Article
- Incidence and Predictors of Opportunistic Infection Among People Living With HIV in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.AIDS research and treatment · 2026Review
- Epidemiology and clinicodemographic features of microbiologically confirmed and presumptive extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia: a multicenter study.IJID regions · 2025Article
- Magnitude of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and its associated factors among TB suspected patients at Wolkite University specialized hospital in central Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Alveolar macrophages from persons with HIV mount impaired TNF signaling networks to M. tuberculosis infection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Active tuberculosis incidence among treatment failure experienced patients in North Wollow Zone: A multicenter historical cohort.Health science reports · 2024Article
- The Burden of Bacteriologically Negative TB Diagnosis: A Four-Year Review of Tuberculosis Cases at a Tertiary Facility.Tuberculosis research and treatment · 2023Article
- Tuberculosis and isoniazid prophylaxis among adult HIV positive patients on ART in Northwest Ethiopia.PloS one · 2022Article
- Knowledge of symptoms and delays in diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in North Shewa zone, Ethiopia.PloS one · 2022Article
- Active TB infection and its associated factors among HIV-1 infected patients at Jimma medical center, Southwest Ethiopia.Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences · 2021Article
- Primary adrenal tuberculosis infection in patients with Behcet's disease presenting as isolated adrenal metastasis byGland surgery · 2021Article
- A Saudi Arabian Public Health Perspective of Tuberculosis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Upward trends in new, rifampicin-resistant and concurrent extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases in northern Guizhou Province of China.Scientific reports · 2021Observational
- Epidemiology and the diagnostic challenge of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia.PloS one · 2020Article
- Incidence and Predictors of Tuberculosis Among Adults Living With HIV/AIDS on Antiretroviral Therapy in Central Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: A Multicenter Retrospective Follow-Up Study.Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS CareArticle
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7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundExtrapulmonary tuberculosis is an emerging public health problem among HIV positives compared to the general population. This study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of extrapulmonary tuberculosis among people living with HIV in selected health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 01 January 2013 up to 31 December 2018.
methodsA retrospective cohort study design was employed based on data collected from 566 HIV positive individuals. Data were entered using EpiInfo version 7.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 20. The incidence rate was determined per 100 person-years. Kaplan-Meier estimates used to estimate survivor and the hazard function, whereas log-rank tests used to compare survival curves and hazard across different categories. Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify the predictors and 95%CI of the hazard ratio were computed. P-value<0.05 in the multivariable analysis was considered statistically significant.
resultsFive hundred sixty-six HIV positive individuals were followed for 2140.08 person-years. Among them, 72 developed extrapulmonary tuberculosis that gives an incidence rate of 3.36/100 person-years (95%CI = 2.68-4.22). The most frequent forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were; lymph node tuberculosis (56%, 41) followed equally by pleural tuberculosis (15%, 11) and disseminated tuberculosis (15%, 11). The majority (70.83%) of the cases occurred within the first year of follow-up. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, baseline WHO stage III/IV (AHR = 2.720, 95%CI = 1.575-4.697), baseline CD4 count<50cells/μl (AHR = 4.073, 95%CI = 2.064-8.040), baseline CD4 count 50-200 cells/μl (AHR = 2.360, 95%CI = 1.314-4.239) and baseline Hgb<10 mg/dl (AHR = 1.979, 95%CI = 1.091-3.591) were the independent risk factors. While isoniazid prophylaxis (AHR = 0.232, 95%CI = 0.095-0.565) and taking antiretroviral drugs (AHR = 0.134, 95%CI = 0.075-0.238) had a protective benefit.
conclusionExtrapulmonary tuberculosis co-infection was common among HIV positive individuals, and mostly occurred in those with advanced immune suppression. The risk decreases in those taking antiretroviral therapy and took isoniazid preventive treatment. Screening of HIV positives for extrapulmonary tuberculosis throughout their follow-up would be important.
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