SynthesisInternational journal of epidemiology2020
Cleft lip/palate and educational attainment: cause, consequence or correlation? A Mendelian randomization study.
Synthesis in International journal of epidemiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Review and Meta-Analysis on Altered Brain Structure in Patients Born with Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip and/or Palate.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2026Pooled it
- COBMC oral health · 2024Pooled it
- Oral health-related quality of life in patients aged 8 to 19 years with cleft lip and palate: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2023Pooled it
- Academic achievement and needs of school-aged children born with selected congenital anomalies: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Birth defects research · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment on quality of life among orthodontic patients with craniofacial disorder compared to healthy controls : A cross-sectional study.Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie · 2026Article
- A Lingual Ultrasound Study of Speech in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate Following Orthognathic Surgery.Orthodontics & craniofacial research · 2025Article
- Beckwith-Wiedemann spectrum (BWSp): an update on diagnosis, management, and follow-up from the scientific committee of the Italian BWSp association.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Review
- Quality of life of children treated for cleft lip or palate in a selected South African population: a questionnaire-based survey of guardian/parent perspectives.Oral and maxillofacial surgery · 2025Article
- Copy number variants and their implications for developmental and behavioural problems in cleft lip and/or palate.Human molecular genetics · 2025Article
- Exposure to maternal nicotine in utero and/or via lactation alters craniofacial development in mice.PloS one · 2025Article
- In utero nicotine exposure affects murine palate development.Orthodontics & craniofacial research · 2024Article
- COVID-19 vaccine and non-syndromic orofacial clefts in five arab countries. A case-control study.Clinical oral investigations · 2024Article
- The Global Occurrences of Cleft Lip and Palate in Pediatric Patients and Their Association with Demographic Factors: A Narrative Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Association of Perioperative Antibiotics with the Prevention of Postoperative Fistula after Cleft Palate Repair.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Decoding the Human Face: Progress and Challenges in Understanding the Genetics of Craniofacial Morphology.Annual review of genomics and human genetics · 2022Review
- Phenotypic Causal Inference Using Genome-Wide Association Study Data: Mendelian Randomization and Beyond.Annual review of biomedical data science · 2022Review
- Interpreting Mendelian-randomization estimates of the effects of categorical exposures such as disease status and educational attainment.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Article
- Educational Attainment of Children Born with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate in the United Kingdom.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2021Article
- Evaluating shared genetic influences on nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate and oropharyngeal neoplasms.Genetic epidemiology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies have found that children born with a non-syndromic orofacial cleft have lower-than-average educational attainment. Differences could be due to a genetic predisposition to low intelligence and academic performance, factors arising due to the cleft phenotype (such as social stigmatization, impaired speech/language development) or confounding by the prenatal environment. A clearer understanding of this mechanism will inform interventions to improve educational attainment in individuals born with a cleft, which could substantially improve their quality of life. We assessed evidence for the hypothesis that common variant genetic liability to non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) influences educational attainment.
methodsWe performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of nsCL/P with 1692 nsCL/P cases and 4259 parental and unrelated controls. Using GWAS summary statistics, we performed Linkage Disequilibrium (LD)-score regression to estimate the genetic correlation between nsCL/P, educational attainment (GWAS n = 766 345) and intelligence (GWAS n = 257 828). We used two-sample Mendelian randomization to evaluate the causal effects of genetic liability to nsCL/P on educational attainment and intelligence.
resultsThere was limited evidence for shared genetic aetiology or causal relationships between nsCL/P and educational attainment [genetic correlation (rg) -0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.12 to 0.01, P 0.13; MR estimate (βMR) -0.002, 95% CI -0.009 to 0.006, P 0.679) or intelligence (rg -0.04, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.04, P 0.34; βMR -0.009, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.002, P 0.11).
conclusionsCommon variants are unlikely to predispose individuals born with nsCL/P to low educational attainment or intelligence. This is an important first step towards understanding the aetiology of low educational attainment in this group.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.