ArticleDemography2020
When Did the Health Gradient Emerge? Social Class and Adult Mortality in Southern Sweden, 1813-2015.
Article in Demography, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Health inequalities in the Nordic countries: A comparative overview and update.Journal of internal medicine · 2025Review
- The rising income gradient in life expectancy in Sweden over six decades.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Perceptions of the determinants of health and cancer: trends in discourse and level of argumentation between girls and boys aged 6 to 18.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease: a causal perspective.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2024Review
- Re-examining the social gradient in health: A study of Dutch men, 1850-1984.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Social inequalities in all-cause mortality among adults with multimorbidity: a 10-year prospective study of 0.5 million Chinese adults.International health · 2023Article
- Mortality inequalities in France since the 1920s: Evidence of a reversal of the income gradient in mortality.PloS one · 2023Article
- Breathing new life into death certificates: Extracting handwritten cause of death in the LIFE-M project.Explorations in economic history · 2023Article
- The mortality risk of being overweight in the twentieth century: Evidence from two cohorts of New Zealand men.Explorations in economic history · 2022Article
- The comparative mortality of an elite group in the long run of history: an observational analysis of politicians from 11 countries.European journal of epidemiology · 2022Observational
- Health Power Resources Theory: A Relational Approach to the Study of Health Inequalities.Journal of health and social behavior · 2021Article
- Income inequality, emotional anxiety, and self-rated health in times of the coronavirus pandemic: Evidence from a cross-national survey.Research in social stratification and mobility · 2021Article
- The value of general health perception in health equity research: A community-based cohort study of long-term mortality risk (Finnmark cohort study 1987-2017).SSM - population health · 2021Article
- SES inequalities in cause-specific adult mortality: a study of the long-term trends using longitudinal individual data for Sweden (1813-2014).European journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
- The emergence of social gaps in mental health: A longitudinal population study in Sweden, 1900-1959.PloS one · 2020Article
- Early life exposure to cigarette smoking and adult and old-age male mortality: Evidence from linked US full-count census and mortality data.Demographic researchArticle
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Across today's developed world, there is a clear mortality gradient by socioeconomic status for all ages. It is often taken for granted that this gradient was as strong-or even stronger-in the past when social transfers were rudimentary and health care systems were less developed. Some studies based on cross-sectional data have supported this view, but others based on longitudinal data found that this was not the case. If there was no gradient in the past, when did it emerge? To answer this question, we examine social class differences in adult mortality for men and women in southern Sweden over a 200-year period, using unique individual-level register data. We find a systematic class gradient in adult mortality emerging at ages 30-59 only after 1950 for women and after 1970 for men, and in subsequent periods also observable for ages 60-89. Given that the mortality gradient emerged when Sweden transitioned into a modern welfare state with substantial social transfers and a universal health care system, this finding points to lifestyle and psychosocial factors as likely determinants.
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