ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Caused by Naegleria fowleri: A Global Review.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 143 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fatal brain infection in early life: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri in neonates and infants.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Brain-Eating Amoeba: A Decade Update.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- A history of over 40 years of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba studies in Brazil - a systematic review.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2022Pooled it
- An Improved Method for the Isolation of Extrachromosomal DNA from the Pathogenic Free-Living AmoebaMethods and protocols · 2026Article
- Neuroinvasive Free-Living Amoebae Pathogenesis, Neuroinflammation and Therapeutic Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Host factors, inflammatory markers, and clinical outcomes of Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- A unified digital twin framework for predicting therapeutic response to central nervous system infections by pathogenic free-living amoebae.Parasitology research · 2026Review
- Ginsenosides Rb3 and Rc Exhibit Anti-Amoebic Activities AgainstPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Mimicking Acute Bacterial Meningitis: Survival Following Early Empirical Therapy.Cureus · 2026Article
- Global Review onInfectious disease reports · 2026Review
- Detection ofACS ES&T water · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of parasite-mediated disruption of brain vessels.FEBS letters · 2026Review
- Article
- A case report of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in a Chinese adult male.Parasitology research · 2026Article
- Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis caused by Complement C2 Deficiency.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- In-silico Study of an Inhibitor of S-Adenosyl-L-Homocysteine Hydrolase (SAHH) of Naegleria fowleri using Molecular Docking, Density Functional Theory (DFT), and Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Article
- Analysis of the Short- and Long-Term Immune Response in BALB/c Mice Immunized with TotalTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- The Activity of FDA-Approved Prodrug Isavuconazonium Sulfate and Its Major Metabolite Isavuconazole AgainstPharmaceutics · 2026Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrimary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rapidly progressive and often fatal condition caused by the free-living ameba Naegleria fowleri. To estimate the global occurrence, characterize the epidemiology, and describe the clinical features of PAM, we report a series of PAM cases published in the international literature and reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
methodsWe performed a literature search of PAM case reports published through 2018. Additionally, we included cases reported through the CDC's Free-Living Ameba surveillance or diagnosed via CDC's Free-Living and Intestinal Amebas Laboratory. Cases were classified as confirmed, probable, or suspect on the basis of confirmatory testing, presentation, exposure, and disease course.
resultsA total of 381 PAM cases were identified. Seven reported survivors were classified as confirmed. The most commonly reported exposure associated with PAM was swimming/diving, and the most common class of water source was lakes/ponds/reservoirs. Patients were predominantly male (75%), with a median age of 14 years. Confirmed and probable cases were similar in their survival, course of illness, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings.
conclusionsPAM is a rare but deadly disease with worldwide occurrence. Improved clinician awareness, resulting in earlier diagnosis and treatment, may contribute to increased survival among PAM patients. The case definition of probable used in this study appears to capture cases of PAM, as evidenced by similarities in outcomes, clinical course, and CSF profile to confirmed cases. In the absence of confirmatory testing, clinicians could use this case definition to identify cases of PAM.
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