ArticleJournal of analytical toxicology2020
Free and Glucuronide Urine Cannabinoids after Controlled Smoked, Vaporized and Oral Cannabis Administration in Frequent and Occasional Cannabis Users.
Article in Journal of analytical toxicology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cannabis Use and Car Crashes: A Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Urinary Excretion Profile of Cannabinoid Analytes Following Acute Administration of Oral and Vaporized Cannabis in Infrequent Cannabis Users.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2022Trial
- Assessing the influence of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotypes on the metabolism of CBD-cannabis after controlled single and repetitive consumption.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Infant Death due to Cannabis Ingestion.Drug testing and analysis · 2025Article
- Cannabinoid profiling across toxicology samples in adolescents and young adults by route of administration and in relation to depression symptoms.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2025Article
- Advances and Challenges in Modeling Cannabidiol Pharmacokinetics and Hepatotoxicity.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2024Review
- An observational time-series study on the behavioral effects of adjunctive artisanal cannabidiol use by adults with treatment resistant epilepsies.BMC neurology · 2024Observational
- CBD and THC in Special Populations: Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Cannabinoid-Induced Inhibition of Morphine Glucuronidation and the Potential for In Vivo Drug-Drug Interactions.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Cannabidiol in urine is not a proof of CBD consumption-lesson learned from urine sample analysis in routine caseworks.Forensic toxicology · 2023Article
- Interpol review of toxicology 2019-2022.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2023Review
- Urinary Pharmacokinetic Profile of Cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Their Metabolites following Oral and Vaporized CBD and Vaporized CBD-Dominant Cannabis Administration.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Total urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) concentrations are generally reported following cannabis administration. Few data are available for glucuronide and minor cannabinoid metabolite concentrations. All urine specimens from 11 frequent and 9 occasional cannabis users were analyzed for 11 cannabinoids for ~85 h by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry following controlled smoked, vaporized or oral 50.6 mg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a randomized, placebo-controlled, within-subject dosing design. No cannabidiol, cannabinol, cannabigerol, tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), THC, 11-OH-THC and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid were detected in urine. Median THCCOOH-glucuronide maximum concentrations (Cmax) following smoked, vaporized and oral routes were 68.0, 26.7 and 360 μg/L for occasional and 378, 248 and 485 μg/L for frequent users, respectively. Median time to specific gravity-normalized Cmax (Tmax) was 5.1-7.9 h for all routes and all users. Median Cmax for THCCOOH, THC-glucuronide and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THCV (THCVCOOH) were <7.5% of THCCOOH-glucuronide Cmax concentrations. Only THC-glucuronide mean Tmax differed between routes and groups, and was often present only in occasional users' first urine void. Multiple THCCOOH-glucuronide and THCCOOH peaks were observed. We also evaluated these urinary data with published models for determining recency of cannabis use. These urinary cannabinoid marker concentrations from occasional and frequent cannabis users following three routes of administration provide a scientific database to assess single urine concentrations in cannabis monitoring programs. New target analytes (CBD, CBN, CBG, THCV and phase II metabolites) were not found in urine. The results are important to officials in drug treatment, workplace and criminal justice drug monitoring programs, as well as policy makers with responsibility for cannabis regulations.
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Registered trials
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