Trial reportJournal of medical Internet research2020
Cost-Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis: Health-Economic Evaluation Within a Randomized Controlled Trial.
Trial report in Journal of medical Internet research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling for Balance Rehabilitation in Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Artificial organs · 2026Pooled it
- Digital interventions in mental health: evidence syntheses and economic modelling.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2022Pooled it
- Virtual-reality cognitive behavior therapy versus cognitive behavior therapy for paranoid ideation: A pragmatic, single-blind, multicenter randomized clinical superiority trial.Psychological medicine · 2025Trial
- Estimating the Economic Value of Automated Virtual Reality Cognitive Therapy for Treating Agoraphobic Avoidance in Patients With Psychosis: Findings From the gameChange Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2022Trial
- Virtual reality-based neurological examination teaching tool(VRNET) versus standardized patient in teaching neurological examinations for the medical students: a randomized, single-blind study.BMC medical education · 2021Trial
- Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Interventions on Perioperative Anxiety, Depression, Blood Pressure, and Heart Rate: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.JMIR serious games · 2026Review
- Digital and Immersive Technologies for Rehabilitation in Complex Psychosis: State of the Art and Future Directions.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Tinnitus management by improving resilience using exposure in virtual reality: a scoping review.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- A Virtual Reality-Based Multimodal Approach to Diagnosing Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Physiological Measures: A Machine Learning Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Recovr reality - Recover after injury or surgery to the brain and spinal cord with virtual Reality: ideal stage 2a clinical feasibility study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Virtual Reality-Based Versus Traditional Emotion-to-Emotion Therapy for Treatment of Hwa-Byung: A Protocol for a Single-Center, Randomized, Assessor-Blind, Parallel-Group Clinical Trial.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Economic Perspective of the Use of Wearables in Health Care: A Systematic Review.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health · 2024Review
- Virtual Reality-Based Assessment for Rehabilitation of the Upper Limb in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Virtual Reality for Pain and Anxiety Management in Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology.JACC. Advances · 2024Review
- Application of Immersive Virtual Reality for Assessment and Intervention in Psychosis: A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Digital technology for addressing cognitive impairment in recent-onset psychosis: A perspective.Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2022Article
- Interventions to improve social circumstances of people with mental health conditions: a rapid evidence synthesis.BMC psychiatry · 2022Review
- Feasibility and Efficacy of Virtual Reality Interventions to Improve Psychosocial Functioning in Psychosis: Systematic Review.JMIR mental health · 2022Review
- Are Australian Mental Health Services Ready for Therapeutic Virtual Reality? An Investigation of Knowledge, Attitudes, Implementation Barriers and Enablers.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Cognitive behavioral group treatment for low self-esteem in psychosis: a proof of concept study.BMC psychiatry · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEvidence was found for the effectiveness of virtual reality-based cognitive behavioral therapy (VR-CBT) for treating paranoia in psychosis, but health-economic evaluations are lacking.
objectiveThis study aimed to determine the short-term cost-effectiveness of VR-CBT.
methodsThe health-economic evaluation was embedded in a randomized controlled trial evaluating VR-CBT in 116 patients with a psychotic disorder suffering from paranoid ideation. The control group (n=58) received treatment as usual (TAU) for psychotic disorders in accordance with the clinical guidelines. The experimental group (n=58) received TAU complemented with add-on VR-CBT to reduce paranoid ideation and social avoidance. Data were collected at baseline and at 3 and 6 months postbaseline. Treatment response was defined as a pre-post improvement of symptoms of at least 20% in social participation measures. Change in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) was estimated by using Sanderson et al's conversion factor to map a change in the standardized mean difference of Green's Paranoid Thoughts Scale score on a corresponding change in utility. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated using 5000 bootstraps of seemingly unrelated regression equations of costs and effects. The cost-effectiveness acceptability curves were graphed for the costs per treatment responder gained and per QALY gained.
resultsThe average mean incremental costs for a treatment responder on social participation ranged between €8079 and €19,525, with 90.74%-99.74% showing improvement. The average incremental cost per QALY was €48,868 over the 6 months of follow-up, with 99.98% showing improved QALYs. Sensitivity analyses show costs to be lower when relevant baseline differences were included in the analysis. Average costs per treatment responder now ranged between €6800 and €16,597, while the average cost per QALY gained was €42,030.
conclusionsThis study demonstrates that offering VR-CBT to patients with paranoid delusions is an economically viable approach toward improving patients' health in a cost-effective manner. Long-term effects need further research.
trial registrationInternational Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) 12929657; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN12929657.
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