ArticleToxicology reports2020
Phthalate metabolites concentrations in amniotic fluid and maternal urine: Cumulative exposure and risk assessment.
Article in Toxicology reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phthalates exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: a systematic review of epidemiological literature.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Pooled it
- Placental Pathophysiology and Developmental Programming of Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: A Narrative Review of Pregnancy Exposures.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2026Review
- Review
- Perinatal exposure to the environmental pollutant butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) induces sex-specific alterations in the neuro-immune-endocrine network in adult rats.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates, Bisphenols and Their Mixtures and Early Childhood Allergic Conditions and Asthma: Results from the APrON Cohort.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Plastic Pollution and Child Health: A Narrative Review of Micro- and Nanoplastics, Additives, and Developmental Risks.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The Plasticizer Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) Impairs Pregnancy Vascular Health: Insights into Calcium Signaling and Nitric Oxide Involvement.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Article
- Oral exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate alters the expression of GATA6, OCT4, and CDX2 in blastocysts and decreases the rate of implantation in a mouse model.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025Article
- Gestational phthalate exposure and behavioral problems in preschool-aged children with increased likelihood of autism spectrum disorder.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2025Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Dibutyl Phthalate and Its Negative Health Effects on Offspring: In Vivo and Epidemiological Studies.Journal of xenobiotics · 2024Review
- Article
- Reproductive toxicity of emerging plasticizers, flame retardants, and bisphenols, using culture of the rat fetal testis†.Biology of reproduction · 2023Article
- Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Persistent Organic Pollutants in Infant Formulas and Baby Food: Legislation and Risk Assessments.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Maternal urinary bisphenols and phthalates in relation to estimated fetal weight across mid to late pregnancy.Environment international · 2023Article
- Urinary phthalate metabolites in pregnant women: occurrences, related factors, and association with maternal hormones.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- Phthalates exposure during pregnancy a study in a Mexican cohort.Toxicology reports · 2021Article
- Determination of prenatal exposure to parabens and triclosan and estimation of maternal and fetal burden.Toxicology reports · 2021Article
- Carcinogenic, ethanol, acetaldehyde and noncarcinogenic higher alcohols, esters, and methanol compounds found in traditional alcoholic beverages. A risk assessment approach.Toxicology reports · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Phthalates are used in industry as plasticizers or additives in everyday products and they have been considered as endocrine disrupting chemicals. Maternal exposure during pregnancy has been associated with neonatal exposure, preterm birth and impacts in the reproductive and respiratory systems. The aim of this study is to determine six phthalate metabolites (mono isobutyl phthalate, miBP, mono n-butyl phthalate, mnBP, mono benzyl phthalate, mBzP, mono ethylhexyl phthalate, mEHP, mono 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate, mEHHP, mono 2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl-phthalate, mEOHP) in amniotic fluid and urine from 100 pregnant women. Participants answered questionnaires for the use of plastics and cosmetics, dietary habits, health effects, pregnancy problems, health and infant development. Positive amniotic fluid samples ranged from 1% to 21% and urine from 27% to 54%. The median levels for amniotic fluid were 2.3 μg/L - 10.7 μg/L and for urine 4.9 μg/L - 46.7 μg/L. The major results include significant correlations between urinary phthalates indicating their common sources of exposure, the frequent use of deodorant was significantly associated with higher urinary miBP (p = 0.050) and mnBP (p = 0.028) and a weak inverse association was found for the use of make-up products with mBzP (p = 0.053). The frequent use of plastic food containers was significantly associated with urinary mEHP (p = 0.026), and a positive trend was noticed for mEHP in amniotic fluid (p = 0.093). An association although weak was found between urinary mEHP and lower birth length (rs = 0.396, p = 0.062). No other associations were found for infant health problems or development. The daily intake of the total phthalates was calculated 5.4 μg/kg body weight/day which corresponds to hazard index 0.10 and exposure follows the declining trend that has been observed the last decades.
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