ReviewBiology of sex differences2020
The impact of sex and gender on immunotherapy outcomes.
Review in Biology of sex differences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 139 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
139 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 213 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex difference in response to non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy: an updated meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effect of the time of day for vaccination on the immune response to Ebola Virus Disease vaccines: A modeling study from PREVAC randomized trial.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Trial
- Twenty-year survival outcomes after multipeptide vaccination for resected high-risk melanoma: A post-hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial.International journal of cancer · 2025Trial
- Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of MUC1 Peptide Vaccine for Prevention of Recurrent Colorectal Adenoma.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2023Trial
- Analysis of vaccine adverse events associated with rheumatoid arthritis: A pharmacovigilance study based on the VAERS database.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in female patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Thymic selection of the T cell receptor repertoire is biased toward autoimmunity in females.eLife · 2026Article
- Observational
- Targeting pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) reduces T cell pathogenicity in multiple sclerosis.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Toward a common lexicon in gender analysis for global health programs and policies.Health policy and planning · 2026Article
- A comprehensive review of sex differences in the clinical outcomes to immunotherapy on solid tumors.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Sex-based differences in bDMARD initiation and persistence in spondyloarthritis: a 17-year follow-up study from the REGISPON-3 registry.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Observational
- Prevalence, Patterns, and Factors Associated With Adverse Drug Reactions Among People Living With HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy at a Secondary Healthcare Facility in Ghana: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Identifying Sex Differences in Adverse Events Reported on Opioid Drugs in the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Influenza B virus suppression of Chromosome Y-linked genes increases pulmonary virus replication and disease severity in male mice.Research square · 2026Article
- Sex as a Biological Variable in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- First-line immunotherapy for advanced HER2-negative gastric cancer: differences between Asian and non-Asian patients.Cancer biology & medicine · 2026Review
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
79 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immunotherapies are often used for the treatment, remission, and possible cure of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers. Empirical evidence illustrates that females and males differ in outcomes following the use of biologics for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), infectious diseases, e.g., influenza, and solid tumor cancers. Females tend to experience more adverse reactions than males following the use of a class of biologics referred to as immunotherapies. For immunotherapies aimed at stimulating an immune response, e.g., influenza vaccines, females develop greater responses and may experience greater efficacy than males. In contrast, for immunotherapies that repress an immune response, e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for RA or checkpoint inhibitors for melanoma, the efficacy is reportedly greater for males than females. Despite these differences, discrepancies in reporting differences between females and males exist, with females have been historically excluded from biomedical and clinical studies. There is a critical need for research that addresses the biological (i.e., sex) as well as sociocultural (i.e., gender) causes of male-female disparities in immunotherapy responses, toxicities, and outcomes. One-size-fits-all approaches to immunotherapies will not work, and sex/gender may contribute to variable treatment success, including adherence, in clinical settings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.