Trial reportApplied psychophysiology and biofeedback2020
Development and Pilot Test of a Virtual Reality Respiratory Biofeedback Approach.
Trial report in Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07498816 (Impact of Immersive Virtual Reality), which is not on this map. Cited by 21 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Impact of Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) on Respiratory Effort: A Pilot Study in Healthy Adults
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Physiological Responses to Virtual Reality-Based Stress Regulation and Relaxation Interventions: A Systematic Review.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-Complemented Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Lung Function, Exercise Capacity, Dyspnea, and Health Status in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Pooled it
- Virtual Reality Breathing Interventions for Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2024Pooled it
- Virtual reality biofeedback interventions for treating anxiety : A systematic review, meta-analysis and future perspective.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of Virtual Reality-Based Biofeedback on Sleep Quality Among Individuals With Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety Symptoms, or Both: 4-Week Randomized Controlled Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Comparisons of Virtual Reality-based vs. Conventional Biofeedback for Panic Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Study.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Medical Students' Experiences With Virtual Reality Simulation Training: Qualitative Study.JMIR medical education · 2026Article
- Effects of a mobile app-based biofeedback breathing exercise program on handgrip strength, respiratory muscle activity, and pulmonary function in healthy adults.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2025Article
- Using a virtual reality game to train biofeedback-based regulation under stress conditions.Psychophysiology · 2025Article
- Probing corporeal awareness in women through virtual reality induction of embreathment illusion.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Advocating for Action: Exploring the Potential of Virtual Reality in Breathing Exercise - A Review of The Clinical Applications.Patient preference and adherence · 2024Review
- Biofeedback Respiratory Rehabilitation Training System Based on Virtual Reality Technology.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Virtual Reality for Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Comprehensive Review.JMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies · 2023Review
- Existing Meditation and Breathing Devices for Stress Reduction and Their Incorporated Stimuli: A Systematic Literature Review and Competition Analysis.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health · 2023Review
- Repressive and vigilant coping styles in stress and relaxation: evidence for physiological and subjective differences at baseline, but not for differential stress or relaxation responses.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Dynamics of Physiological, Biochemical and Psychological Markers during Single Session of Virtual Reality-Based Respiratory Biofeedback Relaxation.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Spontaneous Breathing Rate Variations Linked to Social Exclusion and Emotion Self-assessment.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2022Article
- Respiratory sinus arrhythmia during biofeedback is linked to persistent improvements in attention, short-term memory, and positive self-referential episodic memory.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Harnessing the Spatial Foundation of Mind in Breaking Vicious Cycles in Anxiety, Insomnia, and Depression: The Future of Virtual Reality Therapy Applications.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Immersive Virtual Reality Influences Physiologic Responses to Submaximal Exercise: A Randomized, Crossover Trial.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breathing exercises with biofeedback have benefits over breathing exercises without biofeedback. However, the traditional measurement of respiratory signals that is required as part of feeding back the breath incurs high cost and effort. We propose a novel virtual reality (VR) based approach to respiratory biofeedback that utilizes the positionally tracked hand controllers integrated into modern VR systems to capture and feedback the respiration-induced abdominal movements. In a randomized controlled laboratory study, we investigated the feasibility and efficacy of the developed biofeedback algorithm. In total, 72 participants performed a short breathing exercise in VR with or without respiratory biofeedback. The feedback integration resulted in a satisfactory user experience, a heightened breath awareness, a greater focus on slow diaphragmatic breathing and an increased respiratory sinus arrhythmia. This evidences that the novel biofeedback approach is low-cost, unobtrusive, usable and effective in increasing breath awareness and promoting slow diaphragmatic breathing in the context of VR-based breathing exercises. Future studies need to investigate the broader applicability and long-term effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.