ArticleMethods in enzymology2020
Post-natal all-trans-retinoic acid biosynthesis.
Article in Methods in enzymology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Variation in the Circulating Levels of Retinoic Acid and Type 2 Diabetes: Relationships with Glycemic Control Indices, Disease Treatment and Complications.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Retinoic acid signaling and metabolism in heart failure.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2025Review
- Identification and characterization of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3 (DHRS3) deficiency, a retinoic acid embryopathy of humans.Genetics in medicine open · 2025Article
- Exploring the role of riboflavin in swine well-being: a literature review.Porcine health management · 2024Review
- Single-cell RNA sequencing data locate ALDH1A2-mediated retinoic acid synthetic pathway to glomerular parietal epithelial cells.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2024Review
- Functional characterization of interleukin 4 and retinoic acid signaling crosstalk during alternative macrophage activation.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids · 2023Article
- Cocktails of NSAIDs and 17α Ethinylestradiol at Environmentally Relevant Doses in Drinking Water Alter Puberty Onset in Mice Intergenerationally.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Article
- Retinoic acid regulates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (Pdk4) to modulate fuel utilization in the adult heart: Insights from wild-type and β-carotene 9',10' oxygenase knockout mice.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2022Article
- Vitamin A in Skin and Hair: An Update.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Article
- Mechanisms of Feedback Regulation of Vitamin A Metabolism.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Altered RBP1 Gene Expression Impacts Epithelial Cell Retinoic Acid, Proliferation, and Microenvironment.Cells · 2022Article
- Enhanced Loss of Retinoic Acid Network Genes inCells · 2022Article
- Identification of Molecular Correlations Between DHRS4 and Progressive Neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis By Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Dysregulated retinoic acid signaling in airway smooth muscle cells in asthma.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2021Article
- Multi-omic Analysis of Non-human Primate Heart after Partial-body Radiation with Minimal Bone Marrow Sparing.Health physics · 2021Article
- Dietary Vitamin A Impacts Refractory Telogen.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
- Article
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1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Generation of the autacoid all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) from retinol (vitamin A) relies on a complex metabolon that includes retinol binding-proteins and enzymes from the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase and aldehyde dehydrogenase gene families. Serum retinol binding-protein delivers all-trans-retinol (vitamin A) from blood to cells through two membrane receptors, Stra6 and Rbpr2. Stra6 and Rbpr2 convey retinol to cellular retinol binding-protein type 1 (Crbp1). Holo-Crbp1 delivers retinol to lecithin: retinol acyl transferase (Lrat) for esterification and storage. Lrat channels retinol directly into its active site from holo-Crbp1 by protein-protein interaction. The ratio apo-Crbp1/holo-Crbp1 directs flux of retinol into and out of retinyl esters, through regulating esterification vs ester hydrolysis. Multiple retinol dehydrogenases (Rdh1, Rdh10, Dhrs9, Rdhe2, Rdhe2s) channel retinol from holo-Crbp1 to generate retinal for ATRA biosynthesis. β-Carotene oxidase type 1 generates retinal from carotenoids, delivered by the scavenger receptor-B1. Retinal reductases (Dhrs3, Dhrs4, Rdh11) reduce retinal into retinol, thereby restraining ATRA biosynthesis. Retinal dehydrogenases (Raldh1, 2, 3) dehydrogenate retinal irreversibly into ATRA. ATRA regulates its own concentrations by inducing Lrat and ATRA degradative enzymes. ATRA exhibits hormesis. Its effects relate to its concentration as an inverted J-shaped curve, transitioning from beneficial in the "goldilocks" zone to toxicity, as concentrations increase. Hormesis has distorted understanding physiological effects of ATRA post-nataly using chow-diet fed, ATRA-dosed animal models. Cancer, immune deficiency and metabolic abnormalities result from mutations and/or insufficiency in Crbp1 and retinoid metabolizing enzymes.
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