ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2020
TLR-4 Signaling vs. Immune Checkpoints, miRNAs Molecules, Cancer Stem Cells, and Wingless-Signaling Interplay in Glioblastoma Multiforme-Future Perspectives.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical and mechanistic insights into the expression of SP100 family proteins in various cancers: a systematic review.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Molecular Mechanisms Between Canine Parvovirus 2 and Host Interactions: From Viruses to Innate Immune Signaling Pathways.Viruses · 2026Review
- Myrtenol modulates TWEAK/TLR4-NF-κB, miR-21, PTEN, and ERK-1 expressions and improves behavioral outcomes in a rat glioblastoma model.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Innate Immune Signaling in Gliomas: Regulatory Mechanisms and Targeting Potential in Tumor Progression.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Function and mechanism of miRNAs during the process ofBiomolecules & biomedicine · 2025Review
- The role of sesamin in alleviating acute and chronic pain: a focus on the TRL4-NF-KB-NLRP3 signaling pathway.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- The role of TLR-4 in chemoresistance of cancer.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Advances on the therapeutic potential of cell receptor activation in glioblastoma.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Relationship Between Inflammation-Nutrition Composite Indices and Ovarian Endometrioma: A Retrospective Observational Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- TLR agonists as adjuvants for viral vaccines: mechanisms, applications, and future directions.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Potential of herbal formulas and bioactive metabolites in treating atherosclerosis: targeted modulation of macrophage polarization.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- S100A8 promotes tumor progression by inducing phenotypic polarization of microglia through the TLR4/IL-10 signaling pathway in glioma.Journal of the National Cancer Center · 2024Article
- Variances in the Expression Profile of Circadian Clock-Related Genes in Astrocytic Brain Tumors.Cancers · 2024Article
- Warburg effect-related risk scoring model to assess clinical significance and immunity characteristics of glioblastoma.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Neuroimmune Support of Neuronal Regeneration and Neuroplasticity following Cerebral Ischemia in Juvenile Mice.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- CD16 CAR-T cells enhance antitumor activity of CpG ODN-loaded nanoparticle-adjuvanted tumor antigen-derived vaccinevia ADCC approach.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Article
- Article
- Dimerization of Transmembrane Proteins in Cancer Immunotherapy.Membranes · 2023Review
- Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Disease- and headache-specific microRNA signatures and their predicted mRNA targets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in migraineurs: role of inflammatory signalling and oxidative stress.The journal of headache and pain · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like-receptor (TLR) family members were detected in the central nervous system (CNS). TLR occurrence was noticed and widely described in glioblastomamultiforme (GBM) cells. After ligand attachment, TLR-4 reorients domains and dimerizes, activates an intracellular cascade, and promotes further cytoplasmatic signaling. There is evidence pointing at a strong relation between TLR-4 signaling and micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) expression. The TLR-4/miRNA interplay changes typical signaling and encourages them to be a target for modern immunotherapy. TLR-4 agonists initiate signaling and promote programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1L) expression. Most of those molecules are intensively expressed in the GBM microenvironment, resulting in the autocrine induction of regional immunosuppression. Another potential target for immunotreatment is connected with limited TLR-4 signaling that promotes Wnt/DKK-3/claudine-5 signaling, resulting in a limitation of GBM invasiveness. Interestingly, TLR-4 expression results in bordering proliferative trends in cancer stem cells (CSC) and GBM. All of these potential targets could bring new hope for patients suffering from this incurable disease. Clinical trials concerning TLR-4 signaling inhibition/promotion in many cancers are recruiting patients. There is still a lot to do in the field of GBM immunotherapy.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.