ReviewGenes, brain, and behavior2020
Using the tools of genetic epidemiology to understand sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Review in Genes, brain, and behavior, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide association analyses of borderline personality disorder identify 11 loci and highlight shared risk with mental and somatic disorders.Nature genetics · 2026Pooled it
- What genes are differentially expressed in individuals with schizophrenia? A systematic review.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Polygenic Risk for Major Depression Interacts with Parental Criticism in Predicting Adolescent Depressive Symptom Development.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2021Pooled it
- Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review.Science progressPooled it
- Digital Cognitive Training for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Journal of psycholinguistic research · 2023Trial
- Sex-specific biological aging clocks across organs and omics.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Deiodinase 3 Deficiency Impairs Hippocampal and Lateral Ventricle Neurogenesis in Middle-Aged Female Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Folate and global health: part 5. syntheses on neuropsychiatric disorders.Journal of global health · 2026Review
- Exploring the mediating role of functional connectivity in the association between violence exposure and psychopathology during early adolescence.Brain and cognition · 2026Article
- Sex-biased computations underlying differential set shift performance in mice.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Prior Diagnoses and Age of Diagnosis in Children Later Diagnosed with Autism.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Evaluating Chronic Sex-Specific Changes in Glutamatergic Signaling Markers Following Traumatic Brain Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Sex differences in familial risk and genetic components of suicide attempts: a register-based cohort study in Sweden.BMJ mental health · 2026Article
- Understanding the Mental Health in Parents of Children on the Autism Spectrum: Beyond Child-Driven Stressors.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Prevalence, Persistence, and Severity of 12-month and 30-day DSM-5 Disorders in the Turkish World Mental Health Survey.Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Genetic Architecture and Comorbidities of Alcohol Use Behaviors.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- The burden of mental disorders, substance use disorders, and self-harm among youths globally: findings from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Neuropsychiatric symptoms in siblings of children with Tourette syndrome in the EMTICS study.JCPP advances · 2025Article
- Anxiety disorders in the Middle East and North Africa region; 1990 to 2021.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2025Article
- Sex differences in anhedonia in bipolar depression: a resting-state fMRI study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric disorders exhibit differences in prevalence, age of onset, symptoms or course of illness between males and females. For the most part, the origins of these differences are not well understood. In this article, we provide an overview of sex differences in psychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression, alcohol and substance abuse, schizophrenia, eating disorders and risk of suicide. We discuss both genetic and nongenetic mechanisms that have been hypothesized to underlie these differences, including ascertainment bias, environmental stressors, X- or Y-linked risk loci, and differential liability thresholds in males and females. We then review the use of twin, family and genome-wide association approaches to study potential genetic mechanisms of sex differences and the extent to which these designs have been employed in studies of psychiatric disorders. We describe the utility of genetic epidemiologic study designs, including classical twin and family studies, large-scale studies of population registries, derived recurrence risks, and molecular genetic analyses of genome-wide variation that may enhance our understanding sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.