ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
A widespread toxin-antitoxin system exploiting growth control via alarmone signaling.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers.
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Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacterial cell division protein FtsZ complexes with a phage protein to activate bacterial immunity.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Phage portal proteins counteract stringent-response-mediated restriction.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Structural Basis of pppGpp Binding to the N-Terminal Domain of the Bifunctional RelA/SpoT Homolog RelInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Functional Coupling and Evolutionary Relationships Between Toxin-Antitoxin Systems and CRISPR-Cas Systems.Toxins · 2025Review
- Article
- Determining the Importance of the Stringent Response for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Virulence In Vivo.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Structural and functional relevance of the DUF4352 domain in antiviral immunity and physiology of mycobacteria.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Beyond plasmid addiction: the role of toxin-antitoxin systems in the selfish behavior of mobile genetic elements.Journal of bacteriology · 2025Review
- Toxin-antitoxins and sigma factors may optimize the fitness of free-living bacteria throughout the life cycle via an integrated nutrient-responsive cybernetic system.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Review
- (p)ppGpp imposes graded transcriptional changes to impair motility and promote antibiotic tolerance in biofilms.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of neutralization of toxSAS from toxin-antitoxin modules.Nature chemical biology · 2025Article
- Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems inInfection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- Prokaryotic homeostasis - a solution to thrive and survive.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Review
- Toxic small alarmone synthetase FaRel2 inhibits translation by pyrophosphorylating tRNAScience advances · 2024Article
- The Toxin of VapBC-1 Toxin-Antitoxin Module fromMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Toxic Small Alarmone Synthetase FaRel2 inhibits translation by pyrophosphorylating tRNAbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Synthetase and Hydrolase Specificity Collectively Excludes 2'-Deoxyguanosine from Bacterial Alarmone.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Under stressful conditions, bacterial RelA-SpoT Homolog (RSH) enzymes synthesize the alarmone (p)ppGpp, a nucleotide second messenger. (p)ppGpp rewires bacterial transcription and metabolism to cope with stress, and, at high concentrations, inhibits the process of protein synthesis and bacterial growth to save and redirect resources until conditions improve. Single-domain small alarmone synthetases (SASs) are RSH family members that contain the (p)ppGpp synthesis (SYNTH) domain, but lack the hydrolysis (HD) domain and regulatory C-terminal domains of the long RSHs such as Rel, RelA, and SpoT. We asked whether analysis of the genomic context of SASs can indicate possible functional roles. Indeed, multiple SAS subfamilies are encoded in widespread conserved bicistronic operon architectures that are reminiscent of those typically seen in toxin-antitoxin (TA) operons. We have validated five of these SASs as being toxic (toxSASs), with neutralization by the protein products of six neighboring antitoxin genes. The toxicity of
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.