Observational studyPloS one2020
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistan- A nation-wide multicenter retrospective study.
Observational study in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Gastrointestinal tuberculosis: A systematic review of epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis and treatment.Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology AssociationPooled it
- Occurrence of drug resistance, associated risk factors, and expression of cytokine IL-33 in human TB patients.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- A survey of respiratory physicians on investigating and managing tuberculous pleuritis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Pulmonary versus extrapulmonary tuberculosis among diagnosed tuberculosis cases in Bangladesh: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2026Review
- Pediatric Abdominal Tuberculosis: A Multicenter Experience from an Endemic Region.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- An elusive diagnosis: IPSID presenting as a tuberculosis-like gastrointestinal disorder.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- The Effect of Empiric Initiation of Treatment on Outcomes Among Patients Presenting With Extrapulmonary Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in a Community Hospital Setting.Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives · 2026Article
- Hiding in Plain Sight: A Case of Intestinal Tuberculosis Masquerading as Benign Lower GI Bleeding.Case reports in gastrointestinal medicine · 2026Article
- Cross-sectional analysis of tuberculosis burden and risk factors in Swabi district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2025Article
- Pott's disease: A case of multilevel vertebral tuberculosis with spinal deformity.Radiology case reports · 2025Article
- Advancing Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Potential of MPT64 Immunochemistry-Based Antigen Detection Test in a High-TB, Low-HIV Endemic Setting.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An Uncommon Presentation of a Common Disease: Hoarseness of Voice in a Young Patient With Tuberculosis.Cureus · 2025Article
- Diagnostic Challenges in Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: A Single-Center Experience in a High-Resource Setting at a German Tertiary Care Center.Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- Incidence and determinants of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Egypt: a retrospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Epidemiological Characteristics and Disease Burden of Tuberculous Meningitis in Hospitalized Children in China: A Nationwide Retrospective Study.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Article
- Article
- Clinical presentation and outcome of tuberculosis in chronic kidney disease stage 4 & 5 from a high TB burden country.PloS one · 2025Article
- Plasma ferritin, C-reactive protein, and adenosine deaminase levels in tuberculous lymphadenitis and pleuritis and their role in monitoring treatment response.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- A retrospective study of zoonotic tuberculosis among livestock farmers of Lahore district using one health approach.Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPakistan is fifth among high burden countries for tuberculosis. A steady increase is seen in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), which now accounts for 20% of all notified TB cases. There is very limited information on the epidemiology of EPTB. This study was performed with the aim to describe the demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of EPTB patients in Pakistan.
methodWe performed descriptive analysis on routinely collected data for cohorts of TB patients registered nationwide in 2016 at health facilities selected using stratified convenient sampling.
findingsAltogether 54092 TB including 15790 (29.2%) EPTB cases were registered in 2016 at 50 study sites. The median age was 24 years for EPTB and 30 years for PTB patients. The crude prevalence of EPTB in females was 30.5% (95%CI; 29.9-31.0) compared to 27.9% (95%CI; 27.3-28.4) in males. The likelihood of having EPTB (OR), was 1.1 times greater for females, 2.0 times for children, and 3.3 times for residents of provinces in the North-West. The most common forms of EPTB were pleural (29.6%), lymphatic (22.7%) and abdominal TB (21.0%). Pleural TB was the most common clinical manifestation in adults (34.2%) and abdominal TB in children (38.4%). An increase in the prevalence of pleural and osteoarticular and decline in lymphatic and abdominal TB was observed with advancing age. Diversity in demography and clinical manifestations were noted between provinces. The treatment success rate for all type EPTB was significantly high compared to bacteriology confirmed PTB with the exception of EPTB affecting CNS with a high mortality rate.
conclusionsThe study provides an insight into demography, clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of EPTB. Further studies are needed to explain significant diversities observed between provinces, specific risk factors and challenges concerning EPTB management.
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