Trial reportJournal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology2020
Irinotecan, Temozolomide, and Dinutuximab With GM-CSF in Children With Refractory or Relapsed Neuroblastoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group.
Trial report in Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05421897 (RAPID Feasibility Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 118 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
RAPID Feasibility Study: A Pilot Study for the Rapid Infusion of Dinutuximab
Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 184 citations in OpenAlex.
- Induction Regimens in High-Risk Neuroblastoma: Systematic Review of Response Rates and Toxicities.Cancer medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Anti-GD2 Immunotherapy with Dinutuximab Beta in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory High-Risk Neuroblastoma.Targeted oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Survival Benefit of Myeloablative Therapy with Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in High-Risk Neuroblastoma: A Systematic Literature Review.Targeted oncology · 2024Pooled it
- GD2-targeting CAR T cells in high-risk neuroblastoma: a phase 1/2 trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- A Phase II Trial of Naxitamab plus Stepped-up Dosing of GM-CSF for Patients with High-Risk Neuroblastoma in First Complete Remission.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Trial
- The anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody naxitamab plus GM-CSF for relapsed or refractory high-risk neuroblastoma: a phase 2 clinical trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Bevacizumab, Irinotecan, or Topotecan Added to Temozolomide for Children With Relapsed and Refractory Neuroblastoma: Results of the ITCC-SIOPEN BEACON-Neuroblastoma Trial.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2024Trial
- Long-term, continuous infusion of single-agent dinutuximab beta for relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma: an open-label, single-arm, Phase 2 study.British journal of cancer · 2023Trial
- Anti-GD2 Antibody Dinutuximab Beta and Low-Dose Interleukin 2 After Haploidentical Stem-Cell Transplantation in Patients With Relapsed Neuroblastoma: A Multicenter, Phase I/II Trial.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2023Trial
- Phase 2 study of anti-disialoganglioside antibody, dinutuximab, in combination with GM-CSF in patients with recurrent osteosarcoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group.European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · 2022Trial
- Improved Outcome in Children With Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Neuroblastoma Treated With Chemoimmunotherapy: Updated Results of a Phase II Study Using hu14.18K322A.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2022Trial
- Randomized Phase II Trial of MIBG Versus MIBG, Vincristine, and Irinotecan Versus MIBG and Vorinostat for Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma: A Report From NANT Consortium.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2021Trial
- Long-Term Follow-up of a Phase III Study of ch14.18 (Dinutuximab) + Cytokine Immunotherapy in Children with High-Risk Neuroblastoma: COG Study ANBL0032.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2021Trial
- Bispecific GD2xB7-H3 Antibody Improves Tumor Targeting and Reduces Toxicity while Maintaining Efficacy for Neuroblastoma.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Development of novel GPC2-directed radiotheranostics and CAR T cell therapy for neuroblastoma.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- The role of immunotherapy in the treatment of neuroblastoma.Surgery today · 2026Review
- A five-gene TAM and MYCN signature predicts prognosis and identifies MTHFD2 as a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- A pilot study combining primary busulfan-based haploidentical stem cell transplantation with GD2 antibody to treat high-risk neuroblastoma.Bone marrow transplantation · 2026Article
- Irinotecan plus temozolomide for pediatric relapsed or refractory solid tumors: a retrospective cohort study.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Tolerability of Topotecan/Cyclophosphamide/Dinutuximab in Relapsed and Refractory High-Risk Neuroblastoma: A Multi-Institutional Retrospective Study.Pediatric blood & cancer · 2026Article
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 12 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe combination of irinotecan, temozolomide, dintuximab, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (I/T/DIN/GM-CSF) demonstrated activity in patients with relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma in the randomized Children's Oncology Group ANBL1221 trial. To more accurately assess response rate and toxicity, an expanded cohort was nonrandomly assigned to I/T/DIN/GM-CSF. PATIENTS AND
methodsPatients were eligible at first relapse or first designation of refractory disease. Oral T and intravenous (IV) irinotecan were administered on days 1 to 5 of 21-day cycles. DIN was administered IV (days 2-5), and GM-CSF was administered subcutaneously (days 6-12). The primary end point was objective response, analyzed on an intent-to-treat basis per the International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria.
resultsSeventeen eligible patients were randomly assigned to I/T/DIN/GM-CSF (February 2013 to March 2015); 36 additional patients were nonrandomly assigned to I/T/DIN/GM-CSF (August 2016 to May 2017). Objective (complete or partial) responses were observed in nine (52.9%) of 17 randomly assigned patients (95% CI, 29.2% to 76.7%) and 13 (36.1%) of 36 expansion patients (95% CI, 20.4% to 51.8%). Objective responses were seen in 22 (41.5%) of 53 patients overall (95% CI, 28.2% to 54.8%); stable disease was also observed in 22 of 53. One-year progression-free and overall survival for all patients receiving I/T/DIN/GM-CSF were 67.9% ± 6.4% (95% CI, 55.4% to 80.5%) and 84.9% ± 4.9% (95% CI, 75.3% to 94.6%), respectively. Two patients did not receive protocol therapy and were evaluable for response but not toxicity. Common grade ≥ 3 toxicities were fever/infection (18 [35.3%] of 51), neutropenia (17 [33.3%] of 51), pain (15 [29.4%] of 51), and diarrhea (10 [19.6%] of 51). One patient met protocol-defined criteria for unacceptable toxicity (grade 4 hypoxia). Higher DIN trough levels were associated with response.
conclusionI/T/DIN/GM-CSF has significant antitumor activity in patients with relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma. Study of chemoimmunotherapy in the frontline setting is indicated, as is further evaluation of predictive biomarkers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.