ArticleSociological science2019
Which Mothers Pay a Higher Price? Education Differences in Motherhood Wage Penalties by Parity and Fertility Timing.
Article in Sociological science, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Can fertility decline help explain gender pay convergence?Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation · 2025Article
- Gendered Parenthood-Employment Gaps from Midlife: A Demographic Perspective Across Three Different Welfare Systems.European journal of population = Revue europeenne de demographie · 2024Article
- Taxing reproduction: the full transfer cost of rearing children in Europe.Royal Society open science · 2023Article
- Social norms and fertility intentions: Evidence from China.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Maternal Education, Family Formation, and Child Development: The Continuing Significance of Race.Journal of marriage and the family · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Upon becoming mothers, women often experience a wage decline-a "motherhood wage penalty." Recent scholarship suggests the penalty's magnitude differs by educational attainment. Yet education is also predictive of when women have children and how many they have, which can affect the wage penalty's size too. Using fixed-effects models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I estimate heterogeneous effects of motherhood by parity and by age at births, considering how these relationships differ by education. For college graduates, first births were associated with a small wage penalty overall, but the penalty was larger for earlier first births and declined with higher ages at first birth. Women who delayed fertility until their mid-thirties reaped a premium. Second and third births were associated with wage penalties. Less educated women instead faced a wage penalty at all births and delaying fertility did not minimize the penalty.
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