Trial reportJournal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis2021
Probucol Trial for Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Events in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease (PROSPECTIVE).
Trial report in Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Integrated Analysis of Two Probucol Trials for the Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Events: PROSPECTIVE and IMPACT.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2022 · on this mapTrial
- Nonlinear association of HbA1c/HDL-C ratio with heart failure in adults: a large cross-sectional study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Effects of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin treatment on ET-1, ADMA, and safety efficacy in elderly patients with coronary heart disease combined with hyperlipidemia.Open life sciences · 2026Article
- Small dense LDL: An underestimated driver of atherosclerosis (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Probucol: revisiting as a multifaceted therapeutic agent in atherosclerosis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 2022.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2024Article
- Review
- Probucol mitigates high-fat diet-induced cognitive and social impairments by regulating brain redox and insulin resistance.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- The Process of Plaque Rupture: The Role of Vasa Vasorum and Medial Smooth Muscle Contraction Monitored by the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Targeting endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in atherosclerosis: drug discovery and development of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1-directed novel therapeutics.Cardiovascular research · 2023Review
- Glutathione system enhancement for cardiac protection: pharmacological options against oxidative stress and ferroptosis.Cell death & disease · 2023Review
- Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: new insights from bioinformatics.ESC heart failure · 2023Article
- Familial Hypercholesterolaemia as a Predisposing Factor for Atherosclerosis.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Factors Associated with Carotid Atherosclerosis and Achilles Tendon Thickness in Japanese Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Subanalysis of the Familial Hypercholesterolemia Expert Forum (FAME) Study.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2022Article
- Effectiveness and Safety of Lipid-Lowering Drug Treatments in Japanese Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Familial Hypercholesterolemia Expert Forum (FAME) Study.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2022Article
- Low-Molecular-Weight Synthetic Antioxidants: Classification, Pharmacological Profile, Effectiveness and Trends.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- High Density Lipoprotein-Based Therapeutics: Novel Mechanism of Probucol in Foam Cells.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
- High Density Lipoproteins: Is There a Comeback as a Therapeutic Target?Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2022Article
- Endoscopic resection of tendon xanthoma in the elbow of a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.BMJ case reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 12 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsAlthough intensive statin therapy reduced cardiovascular risks, cardiovascular events have not been completely prevented. Probucol is a potent antioxidant and reduces tendon xanthomas in familial hypercholesterolemia patients despite reduction of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (HDL-C). We investigated whether probucol can reduce cardiovascular events on top of conventional lipid-lowering therapy in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).
methodsPROSPECTIVE is a multicenter, randomized, prospective study that recruited 876 Japanese patients with CHD and dyslipidemia with a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (LDL-C) level of ≥ 140 mg/dL without medication or those treated with lipid-lowering drugs. Lipid-lowering agents were administered during the study period in the control group (n=438), and probucol 500 mg/day was added to lipid-lowering therapy in the probucol group (n=438). Patients were randomly assigned to two treatment groups by adjusting the LDL-C level and presence of diabetes and hypertension and followed up for more than 3 years. The primary end point was a composite of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events (cardiovascular disease death including sudden death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, hospitalization for heart failure, or coronary revascularization). The secondary end point was carotid intima-media thickness in a subset of patients.
resultsThe incidence of the primary end point showed a trend to be lower in the probucol group compared with that in the control group despite reduced HDL-C without serious adverse events. Anti-atherogenic effects of probucol may be attributed to its potent antioxidative function and enhancement of reverse cholesterol transport.
conclusionSince there was no statistical significance between the probucol and control groups despite a marked reduction of HDL-C, further studies on the clinical outcomes of probucol on top of conventional therapy may be necessary in the future (UMIN000003307).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.