[Fracture diagnosis: upper extremities : Shoulder and shoulder girdle].

backgroundThe shoulder girdle is a chain of bones and joints which connect the upper extremity to the axial skeleton. The shoulder as a biomechanical unit has a remarkable range of motion and is therefore frequently prone to injuries of the three major joints (sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, glenohumeral joint) and the bony elements (clavicle, scapula, humerus). Projection radiography is still the first imaging modality for injuries of the shoulder and usually sufficient for initial diagnosis and injury classification. Computed tomography (including 3D reconstructions) and magnetic resonance imaging provide additional useful information for the detection of accompanying soft-tissue injury, for surgical planning and in cases of complex anatomy (e.g., scapular fractures). PURPOSE: We aim to describe the fundamentals of injuries of the shoulder girdle and the proximal humerus with special emphasis on radiological diagnostics. MATERIALS AND

methodsA selective PubMed literature search was performed using the following terms: "sternoclavicular joint dislocation", "clavicle fracture", "acromioclavicular joint injury", "scapular fracture", "shoulder dislocation", "proximal humerus fracture", and "shoulder girdle injuries".

resultsThe article describes the basics of the anatomy, the trauma mechanism and the epidemiology of the most common injuries of the shoulder girdle and the proximal humerus. Special emphasis is given to radiological diagnostics, including basic projection radiography and advanced cross-sectional imaging.