ArticlePloS one2020
Are there non-verbal signals of guilt?
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- The expression of self-conscious emotions and their motivational and communicative function in early development.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2026Review
- Being facially expressive is socially advantageous.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The nonverbal expression of guilt in healthy adults.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Differences in the link between social trait judgment and socio-emotional experience in neurotypical and autistic individuals.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Crested macaque facial movements are more intense and stereotyped in potentially risky social interactions.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2022Article
- NetFACS: Using network science to understand facial communication systems.Behavior research methods · 2022Article
- Competitive Anxiety, and Guilt and Shame Proneness From Perspective Type D and Non-type D Football Players.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- The social function of the feeling and expression of guilt.Royal Society open science · 2020Article
- Are there non-verbal signals of guilt?PloS one · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Guilt is a complex emotion with a potentially important social function of stimulating cooperative behaviours towards and from others, but whether the feeling of guilt is associated with a recognisable pattern of nonverbal behaviour is unknown. We examined the production and perception of guilt in two different studies, with a total of 238 participants with various places of origin. Guilt was induced experimentally, eliciting patterns of movement that were associated with both the participants' self-reported feelings of guilt and judges' impressions of their guilt. Guilt was most closely associated with frowning and neck touching. While there were differences between self-reported guilt and perception of guilt the findings suggest that there are consistent patterns that could be considered a non-verbal signal of guilt in humans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.