Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32327881›Full record

ArticleEnergy & fuels : an American Chemical Society journal2020

Impact of Biofuel Blends on Black Carbon Emissions from a Gas Turbine Engine.

Raju R Kumal, Jiawei Liu, Akshay Gharpure, Randy L Vander Wal, John S Kinsey, Bob Giannelli, Jeffrey Stevens, Cullen Leggett, Robert Howard, Mary Forde and 10 more

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Energy & fuels : an American Chemical Society journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
4.1field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.

Raju R KumalThe John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering and the EMS Energy Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Jiawei LiuThe John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering and the EMS Energy Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Akshay GharpureThe John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering and the EMS Energy Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Randy L Vander WalThe John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering and the EMS Energy Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
John S KinseyRetired (formerly US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA).
Bob GiannelliUS Environmental Protection Agency, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL), Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
Jeffrey StevensUS Environmental Protection Agency, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL), Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
Cullen LeggettUS Environmental Protection Agency, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL), Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
Robert HowardUS Air Force, Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC), Arnold AFB, TN 37389, USA.
Mary FordeUS Air Force, Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC), Arnold AFB, TN 37389, USA.
Alla Zelenyuk-ImreUS Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
Kaitlyn SuskiUS Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
Greg PayneArtium Technologies Inc., Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA.
Julien ManinArtium Technologies Inc., Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA.
William BachaloArtium Technologies Inc., Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA.
Richard FrazeeSingularity Scientific Consulting Services, LLC, Whitmore Lake, MI 48189, USA.
Timothy B OnaschAerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA.
Andrew FreedmanAerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA.
David B KittelsonDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Jacob J SwansonDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Environmental Protection Agency · USPennsylvania State University · USArtium Technologies (United States) · USAerodyne Research · USPacific Northwest National Laboratory · USUniversity of Minnesota · USSingularity University · US

Funding

Intramural EPA EPA999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Presented here is an overview of non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions, i.e. "soot" as assessed by TEM analyses of samples collected after the exhaust of a J-85 turbojet fueled with Jet-A as well as with blends of Jet-A and Camelina biofuel. A unifying explanation is provided to illustrate the combustion dynamics of biofuel and Jet-A fuel. The variation of primary particle size, aggregate size and nanostructure are analyzed as a function of biofuel blend across a range of engine thrust levels. The postulate is based on where fuels start along the soot formation pathway. Increasing biofuel content lowers aromatic concentration while placing increasing dependence upon fuel pyrolysis reactions to form the requisite concentration of aromatics for particle inception and growth. The required "kinetic" time for pyrolysis reactions to produce benzene and multi-ring PAHs allows increased fuel-air mixing by turbulence, diluting the fuel-rich soot-forming regions, effectively lowering their equivalence ratio. With a lower precursor concentration, particle inception is slowed, the resulting concentration of primary particles is lowered and smaller aggregates were measured. The lower equivalence ratio also results in smaller primary particles because of the lower concentration of growth species.

Identifiers

PMID32327881
PMCPMC7180060
OpenAlexW3013940576

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.