ArticleNature medicine2020
SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes.
5 registry-linked trialsOpen access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Nature medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 5 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,604 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1,604citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
62.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
COVID-19, Aging, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors (CARAMEL) Study: Integrating Aging, Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Immunological Studies to Unravel COVID-19 Pathophysiology
NCT04802408 phase2 / phase3active not recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2021, after this paper: background citation
SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) Nasal Pharyngeal and Oral Pharyngeal Wash (SNOW) Trial
Fluvoxamine to Augment Olfactory Recovery For Long COVID-19 Parosmia (FluCOP Trial)
Clinical Efficacy of Xylitol Based Nasal Spray for the Treatment of Mild COVID-19 Infection
Smell in COVID-19 and Efficacy of Nasal Theophylline 3
Who cites it
1,604 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 2,712 citations in OpenAlex.
- Therapeutic effect of anti-neuroinflammatory supplement combined with olfactory training on post-covid olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Pooled it
- COVID-19 in comorbid chronic diseased patients, pregnant and lactating women: pathophysiology, available drug treatment, and the most suitable protocol regimen in each group.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Washing Illness Away: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Nasal Irrigation and Spray on COVID-19.The Laryngoscope · 2025Pooled it
- Smoking and vaping alter genes related to mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The European respiratory journal · 2024Pooled it
- Pre-vaccination immune signatures of children with inborn errors of immunity associate with COVID-19 vaccine response.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- How Big Data and AI are revolutionizing human immunology.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Article
- Post-Acute Nasal Expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, FURIN, and NRP1 in Relation to COVID-19 Severity: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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- Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies uterine stromal cells as a previously unrecognized target of an alphacoronavirus underlying reproductive disorders.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Double trouble: how co- and superinfections shape viral dynamics and host responses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Spike 1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces endothelial inflammation and vascular dysfunction through interferon ISG15-dependent mechanisms.Cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- Temporal Dynamics of Innate Immune Activation and Viral Interference During Sequential Co-Infection with Influenza A Virus and SARS-CoV-2: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Repurposing screens reveal a role for PKCη and NF1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Alterations in the Placenta Following Vaccination and Infection with SARS-CoV-2 During Pregnancy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Secreted ORF8 reprograms macrophages to enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung epithelial cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Persistence and Cardiovascular Sequelae in the Post-COVID Era: A Public Health Microbiology Perspective on Sudden Cardiac Death and Pulmonary Thromboembolism.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Why Andes hantavirus is not the next SARS-CoV-2: contrasting viral shedding, transmissibility and genomic patterns.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Differential effects of SARS-CoV-2-targeted infection of ATII, club cells, and macrophages on lung immunopathology and antiviral responses.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Donor-derived airway air-liquid interface model for high-throughput screening of antiviral combinations with concurrent analysis of antiviral efficacy and epithelial toxicity using ciliR.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Collectin-11, a complement pattern recognition molecule, mediates pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and protection.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
1,544 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Waradon SungnakWellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK. ws4@sanger.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0136-4960
Ni HuangWellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
Christophe BécavinUniversité Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1555-3153
Marijn BergDepartment of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Rachel QueenBioinformatics Core Facility, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Monika LitvinukovaWellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
Carlos Talavera-LópezWellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
Henrike MaatzCardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
Daniel ReichartDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Fotios SampaziotisWellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0812-7586
Kaylee B WorlockUCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
Masahiro YoshidaUCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3521-5322
Josephine L BarnesUCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
HCA Lung Biological Network
Max Delbrück Center · DEUniversity College London · GBCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique · FRHarvard University · USWellcome Sanger Institute · GBUniversity Medical Center Groningen · NLWellcome/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute · GB
Funding
Pilot & Feasibility ProgramP30DK043351 · NIDDK · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI RAYMOND T CHUNG · 1991 to 2026
$35.3MTissue resident macrophages regulate proteostasis in the aging lungP01AG049665 · NIA · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI KAREN M RIDGE · 2015 to 2026
$26.9MTechnology CoreU19AI135964 · NIAID · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI JUSTIN B. STARREN · 2018 to 2026
$24.7MLABORATORY OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGYR24HD000836 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Ian Amos Glass · 1995 to 2026
$16.9MSpatiotemporal genomic regulation of disease initiation and progression in pulmonary fibrosisR01HL145372 · NHLBI · TRANSLATIONAL GENOMICS RESEARCH INST · PI Nicholas Eli Banovich, Jonathan Andrew Kropski · 2019 to 2026
$6.0MGenomic Analysis of Tissue and Cellular Heterogeneity in IPFR01HL127349 · NHLBI · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI BENOS, PANAGIOTIS V, KAMINSKI, NAFTALI · 2015 to 2025
$5.9MLungMap Phase II - Building a multidimensional map of developing human lungU01HL148856 · NHLBI · CINCINNATI CHILDRENS HOSP MED CTR · PI WHITSETT, JEFFREY A, XU, YAN · 2019 to 2023
$4.5MNormal Aging Lung Cell Atlas (NALCA)U01HL145567 · NHLBI · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI KAMINSKI, NAFTALI · 2019 to 2022
$2.8MAn integrated multiplexed genomic assay for low input clinical samples1U24AI118672 · NIAID · BROAD INSTITUTE, INC. · PI SHALEK, ALEX K · 2015 to 2019
$2.0MMechanisms of submucosal gland cell mediated airway regenerationR01HL146557 · NHLBI · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI TATA, PURUSHOTHAMA RAO · 2019 to 2023
$2.0MDNA-Damage Repair In Pulmonary FibrosisK08HL130595 · NHLBI · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI KROPSKI, JONATHAN ANDREW · 2016 to 2020
$786kDifferential role of tissue-resident and monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages in the development of pulmonary fibrosisR56HL135124 · NHLBI · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI MISHARIN, ALEXANDER · 2017 to 2017
$460kBritish Heart Foundation PG/16/47/32156British Heart Foundation SP/19/1/34461Department of Health PB-PG-1215-20037Medical Research Council G0701448Medical Research Council G0900879Medical Research Council MC_PC_12009Medical Research Council MC_PC_17230Medical Research Council MR/K017047/1Medical Research Council MR/P009581/1Medical Research Council MR/R006237/1Medical Research Council MR/R015635/1Medical Research Council MR/S005579/1Medical Research Council MR/S035826/1Medical Research Council MR/S035907/1Medical Research Council MR/S036334/1National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research NC/N001540/1National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research NC/T2T0419NHLBI NIH HHS K08 HL130595NHLBI NIH HHS K08 HL146943NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL127349NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL145372NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL146557NHLBI NIH HHS R56 HL135124NHLBI NIH HHS U01 HL145567NHLBI NIH HHS U01 HL148856NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI135964NIAID NIH HHS U24 AI118672NIA NIH HHS P01 AG049665NICHD NIH HHS R24 HD000836NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK043351Wellcome Trust
Abstract
We investigated SARS-CoV-2 potential tropism by surveying expression of viral entry-associated genes in single-cell RNA-sequencing data from multiple tissues from healthy human donors. We co-detected these transcripts in specific respiratory, corneal and intestinal epithelial cells, potentially explaining the high efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. These genes are co-expressed in nasal epithelial cells with genes involved in innate immunity, highlighting the cells' potential role in initial viral infection, spread and clearance. The study offers a useful resource for further lines of inquiry with valuable clinical samples from COVID-19 patients and we provide our data in a comprehensive, open and user-friendly fashion at www.covid19cellatlas.org.
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Registered trials
NCT04802044ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04802408ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05216614ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05618483ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05947643ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.