ArticleViruses2020
West Nile Virus Epidemic in Germany Triggered by Epizootic Emergence, 2019.
Article in Viruses, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05294003 (Prevalence of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Serum Antibodies in Dutch Bird Ringers), which is not on this map. Cited by 79 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prevalence of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Serum Antibodies in Dutch Bird Ringers
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Vector Competence for West Nile Virus Lineage 1 and 2: Temperature Dependency in TemperateMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Endemic progression of autochthonous West Nile virus infections in Europe.European journal of microbiology & immunology · 2026Review
- Fine-scale heterogeneity and local amplification of West Nile virus in urban environments in Berlin.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Modelling the impact of temperature and bird migration on the spread of West Nile virus.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- A process-based model simulating the life-cycle of Culex pipiens s.s./Cx. torrentium (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Genomic Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Paris.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Field-Collected Belgian Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium Mosquitoes are Competent for West Nile Virus Under Different Temperature Conditions.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Phylodynamic analyses reveal persistence and extensive intermixing of Usutu virus in the Netherlands.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Circulation dynamics of West Nile virus in Germany, 2023 and 2024.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Genomic surveillance indicates high site-specific heterogeneity of West Nile virus in mosquitoes in rural regions of Germany across seasons.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Carry-over effects in Culex species along a land use gradient with differences in microclimatic conditions.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Tracking WNV transmission with a combined dog and wild boar surveillance system.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Spread of the Mosquito-Transmitted West Nile Virus in North America and Europe.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Review
- Integrated One Health Surveillance of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus in the Veneto Region, Northeastern Italy, from 2022 to 2023.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Assessment of the effectiveness of West Nile virus screening by analysing suspected positive donations among blood donors, Germany, 2020 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- First Detection of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Continuous and Dynamic Circulation of West Nile Virus in Mosquito Populations in Bucharest Area, Romania, 2017-2023.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Spatiotemporally Explicit Epidemic Model for West Nile Virus Outbreak in Germany: An Inversely Calibrated Approach.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Article
- Motif-VI loop acts as a nucleotide valve in the West Nile Virus NS3 Helicase.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
26 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
One year after the first autochthonous transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) to birds and horses in Germany, an epizootic emergence of WNV was again observed in 2019. The number of infected birds and horses was considerably higher compared to 2018 (12 birds, two horses), resulting in the observation of the first WNV epidemy in Germany: 76 cases in birds, 36 in horses and five confirmed mosquito-borne, autochthonous human cases. We demonstrated that Germany experienced several WNV introduction events and that strains of a distinct group (Eastern German WNV clade), which was introduced to Germany as a single introduction event, dominated mosquito, birds, horse and human-related virus variants in 2018 and 2019. Virus strains in this clade are characterized by a specific-Lys2114Arg mutation, which might lead to an increase in viral fitness. Extraordinary high temperatures in 2018/2019 allowed a low extrinsic incubation period (EIP), which drove the epizootic emergence and, in the end, most likely triggered the 2019 epidemic. Spatiotemporal EIP values correlated with the geographical WNV incidence. This study highlights the risk of a further spread in Germany in the next years with additional human WNV infections. Thus, surveillance of birds is essential to provide an early epidemic warning and thus, initiate targeted control measures.
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