SynthesisPloS one2020
A multi-country, multi-year, meta-analytic evaluation of the sex differences in age-specific pertussis incidence rates.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A meta-analytic evaluation of sex differences in meningococcal disease incidence rates in 10 countries.Epidemiology and infection · 2020Pooled it
- Sex differences in campylobacteriosis incidence rates at different ages - a seven country, multi-year, meta-analysis. A potential mechanism for the infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Pooled it
- Global burden and time trends of vaccine-preventable diseases in children and adolescents.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Epidemiological Characteristics of Pertussis in the Chungcheong Region in the Republic of Korea in 2024: Focusing on Sex and Outbreak Patterns.Jugan geon-gang gwa jilbyeong · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics analysis of pertussis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Resurgence of pertussis: Epidemiological trends, contributing factors, challenges, and recommendations for vaccination and surveillance.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Modelling pertussis in thailand's southernmost provinces.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Exploring How Adipose Tissue, Obesity, and Gender Influence the Immune Response to Vaccines: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Epidemiological and spatial-temporal clustering characteristics of pertussis in Southwest China, 2013-2024.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Real-Life Insights into Pertussis Diagnosis: High Yield of PCR Testing and Clinical Outcomes-An Emerging Old Enemy or Just a Sign of PCR Times?Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Review
- Population-Based Study of Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors among Persons >50 Years of Age, Australia.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Observational
- Sex differences in hepatitis A incidence rates-a multi-year pooled-analysis based on national data from nine high-income countries.PloS one · 2023Article
- Sex and Gender Differences in Bacterial Infections.Infection and immunity · 2022Review
- Gender differences in measles incidence rates in a multi-year, pooled analysis, based on national data from seven high income countries.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Pertussis surveillance results from a French general practitioner network, France, 2017 to 2020.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2022Article
- Article
- A Pooled Analysis of Sex Differences in Rotaviral Enteritis Incidence Rates in Three Countries Over Different Time Periods.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2022Article
- Sex Differences in Salmonellosis Incidence Rates-An Eight-Country National Data-Pooled Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Sex Matters: Physiological Abundance of Immuno-Regulatory CD71+ Erythroid Cells Impair Immunity in Females.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPertussis is frequently reported to be more common in females than in males. However, the variability of the sources of these observations makes it difficult to estimate the magnitude and consistency of the sex differences by age. To address this question, we used meta-analytic methods to analyze pertussis national incidence rates by sex and age group from nine countries between the years 1990 and 2017.
methodsFor each age group, we used meta-analytic methods to combine the female to male incidence rate ratios (RRs) by country and year. Meta-regression was performed to assess the relative contributions of age, country and time-period to the variation in the incidence RRs.
resultsThe pooled female to male incidence RRs (with 95% CI) for ages 0-1, 1-4, 5-9 and 10-14, were 1.03 (1.01-1.06), 1.16 (1.14-1.17), 1.18 (1.15-1.22), 1.15 (1.11-1.18) respectively. For the ages 15-44, 45-64 and 65+ they were 1.65 (1.58-1.72), 1.59 (1.53-1.66), 1.20 (1.16-1.24), respectively. While there were some differences between the countries, the directions were consistent. When including age, country and time in meta-regression analyses, almost all the variation could be attributed to the differences between the age groups.
conclusionsThe consistency of the excess pertussis incidence rates in females, particularly in infants and very young children, is unlikely to be due to differences in exposure. Other factors that impact on the immune system, including chromosomal differences and hormones, should be further investigated to explain these sex differences. Future studies should consider sex for better understanding the mechanisms affecting disease incidence, with possible implications for management and vaccine development.
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