ArticleEye (London, England)2021
Risk factors for astigmatic components and internal compensation: the Nanjing Eye Study.
Article in Eye (London, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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13 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Astigmatism Types Effects on Internal Astigmatism and Compensation in Children: Hong Kong Children Eye Study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Comparison of ocular residual astigmatism between children with clinically significant and non-significant astigmatism.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Association between insufficient sleep and astigmatism in preschool children.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- A Mendelian randomization study on the causal relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption, and the development of myopia and astigmatism.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Effects of Insufficient Sleep on Myopia in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nature and science of sleep · 2024Review
- Refractive and corneal astigmatism in Chinese 4-15 years old children: prevalence and risk factors.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Differential compensatory role of internal astigmatism in school children and adults: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study.Eye (London, England) · 2023Article
- Association of Maternal and Paternal Astigmatism With Child Astigmatism in the Hong Kong Children Eye Study.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Automatic identification of meibomian gland dysfunction with meibography images using deep learning.International ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Corneal endothelial cell density and its correlation with birth weight, anthropometric parameters, and ocular biometric parameters in Chinese school children.BMC ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Prevalence of and factors associated with astigmatism in preschool children in Wuxi City, China.BMC ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Longitudinal change in components of astigmatism and its association with axial length-corneal radius ratio in Chinese young children: the Nanjing Eye Study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2022Article
- The biometric parameters of aniso-astigmatism and its risk factor in Chinese preschool children: the Nanjing eye study.BMC ophthalmology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo determine the risk factors for total astigmatism (TA), anterior corneal astigmatism (ACA), and internal compensation in Chinese preschool children.
methodsIn the population-based Nanjing Eye Study, children were measured for noncycloplegic refractive error and for biometric parameters. Data from questionnaires and measures from right eyes were analyzed for determining risk factors for TA, ACA, and internal compensation from multivariate logistic regression models.
resultsOf 1327 children (66.8 ± 3.4 months, 53.2% male), older age of the child (OR = 0.95 for per month increase; P = 0.03), older paternal age at child birth (OR = 1.04 for per year increase; P = 0.03), paternal astigmatism (OR = 1.89; P = 0.003), maternal astigmatism (OR = 1.73, P = 0.008), and second-hand smoke exposure during pregnancy (OR = 1.64; P = 0.03) were associated with higher risk of TA, while partial breastfeeding (OR = 0.49, P = 0.006) or formula feeding (OR = 0.46, P = 0.003) were associated with lower risk of TA. Larger ratio of axial length to corneal radius (OR = 16.16 for per unit increase; P = 0.001), maternal working during pregnancy (OR = 1.27; P = 0.04), and cesarean delivery (OR = 1.68, P = 0.04) were associated with higher risk of ACA, while formula feeding was associated with lower risk of ACA (OR = 0.57, P = 0.01). Paternal astigmatism (OR = 0.50, P = 0.01) and assisted reproduction (OR = 0.56, P = 0.03) were associated with lower risk of horizontal or vertical internal compensation. More outdoor activity time (OR = 1.15 for per hour increase, P = 0.01) was associated with higher risk of oblique internal compensation while more nighttime sleep on weekends (OR = 0.83 for per hour increase, P = 0.01) was associated with lower risk of oblique internal compensation.
conclusionsOur study confirmed some previously reported risk factors and identified some novel risk factors for astigmatism including formula feeding for lower risk of both ACA and TA, and older paternal age at child birth for higher risk of TA.
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