Trial reportJournal of athletic training2020
Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Penetration During Phonophoresis at 2 Ultrasound Frequencies.
Trial report in Journal of athletic training, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phonophoresis through Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Use of Sonophoresis with Corticosteroids in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextThe effect of ultrasound frequency on phonophoresis drug delivery in humans is unknown.
objectiveTo determine if a low (45-kHz) or high (1-MHz) frequency delivered a higher dexamethasone (Dex) concentration through the skin.
designControlled laboratory study.
settingLaboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER
participantsA total of 40 healthy men between the ages of 18 and 45 years (age = 23.1 ± 2.6 years, height = 176.1 ± 7.2 cm, mass = 88.5 ± 19.4 kg, posterior calf subcutaneous thickness measured using musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging = 0.6 ± 0.2 cm). INTERVENTION(S): Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups (ultrasound frequency at microdialysis probe depth): (1) 45-kHz frequency at 1 mm, (2) 45-kHz frequency at 4 mm, (3) 1-MHz frequency at 1 mm, or (4) 1-MHz frequency at 4 mm (n = 10 in each group). Three linear microdialysis probes were inserted at the desired tissue depth. We rubbed dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Dex-P) into the skin and then applied a 15-minute phonophoresis treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Dialysate was collected during the treatment and 60 minutes posttreatment and analyzed for Dex-P, Dex, and the metabolite form of Dex. The sum of the 3 analytes was calculated as total dexamethasone (Dex-total), and differences between the 45-kHz and 1-MHz treatment groups were determined by a repeated-measures analysis of variance.
resultsAt 1 mm, 3 (30%) participants in the 45-kHz and 4 (40%) participants in the 1-MHz group had measurable levels of Dex-P. Total dexamethasone increased after the treatment ceased, independent of ultrasound frequency (P < .001), with a trend of the 45-kHz treatment to produce a greater increase in drug concentration (P = .006). At 4 mm, 5 (50%) participants in the 45-kHz and 1 (10%) participant in the 1-MHz group had measurable levels of Dex-P. We observed no difference in Dex-total concentration between treatment groups at 4 mm (P = .72).
conclusionsPhonophoresis provided a mechanism for Dex-total delivery at the 1- and 4-mm tissue depths. However, the effectiveness of the ultrasound frequencies varied between the 2 measured tissue depths.
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