ArticlePediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology2020
Two X-linked agammaglobulinemia patients develop pneumonia as COVID-19 manifestation but recover.
Article in Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 243 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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243 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 352 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19-related health outcomes in people with primary immunodeficiency: A systematic review.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2022Pooled it
- Immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of medical research · 2022Pooled it
- Outcomes associated with different vaccines in individuals with bipolar disorder and impact on the current COVID-19 pandemic- a systematic review.European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19 and disease-modifying therapies in patients with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system: A systematic review.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2021Pooled it
- Phase I/II trial of a peptide-based COVID-19 T-cell activator in patients with B-cell deficiency.Nature communications · 2023Trial
- Pre-vaccination immune signatures of children with inborn errors of immunity associate with COVID-19 vaccine response.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Conserved CD8 T cell vaccines without B cell epitopes drive robust protection against SARS-CoV-2 that is enhanced by intranasal boost.Science advances · 2025Article
- Bronchiectasis, Low IgG Levels and Lack of Vaccination are Risk Factors for Covid-19 Hospitalization in X-linked Agammaglobulinemia - A Retrospective Multicenter Study.Journal of clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Discussing the epidemiology of COVID-19 model with the effective numerical scheme.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A systems biology approach to define SARS-CoV-2 correlates of protection.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 provides low-level cross-protection against common cold coronaviruses in mouse and non-human primate animal models.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Assessment on the incidence of notifiable infectious diseases in pediatrics post-COVID-19: a retrospective study based on data from 2020 to 2023.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Deep learning enhances the prediction of HLA class I-presented CD8Nature machine intelligence · 2025Article
- A single-center prospective cohort study assessing preoperative gait speed assessment as a prognostic tool for morbidity and mortality in frail elderly patients undergoing abdominal surgery.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2025Article
- The Relationship between the Clinical Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Expression of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Article
- Impact of immunodeficiencies on immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination, and their combination in children and young adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Review
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- COVID-19 vaccine updates for people under different conditions.Science China. Life sciences · 2024Review
- Long-Term Outcomes of COVID-19 and Risk Factors for Prolonged or Persistent COVID-19 in Lymphoma Patients: A Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
183 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which has recently affected Italy since February 21, constitutes a threat to normal subjects, as the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) can manifest with a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes ranging from asymptomatic cases to pneumonia or even death. There is evidence that older age and several comorbidities can affect the risk to develop severe pneumonia and possibly the need of mechanic ventilation in subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we evaluated the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).
methodsWhen the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic has reached Italy, we have activated a surveillance protocol of patients with IEI, to perform SARS-CoV-2 search by nasopharyngeal swab in patients presenting with symptoms that could be a manifestation of COVID-19, such as fever, cough, diarrhea, or vomiting.
resultsWe describe two patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) aged 34 and 26 years with complete absence of B cells from peripheral blood who developed COVID-19, as diagnosed by SARS-CoV-2 detection by nasopharyngeal swab, while receiving immunoglobulin infusions. Both patients developed interstitial pneumonia characterized by fever, cough, and anorexia and associated with elevation of CRP and ferritin, but have never required oxygen ventilation or intensive care.
conclusionOur report suggests that XLA patients might present with high risk to develop pneumonia after SARS-CoV-2 infection, but can recover from infection, suggesting that B-cell response might be important, but is not strictly required to overcome the disease. However, there is a need for larger observational studies to extend these conclusions to other patients with similar genetic immune defects.
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