ArticlePsychological medicine2021
Hot and cold cognitive disturbances in antidepressant-free patients with major depressive disorder: a NeuroPharm study.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects on hippocampal activity following novel 5-HT4 receptor agonism in unmedicated patients with depression: the RESTAND study.Translational psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Do antidepressants change our interpretations of facial emotions?Psychological medicine · 2026Trial
- Model-based planning is unaffected by ketamine, antidepressant and internet delivered cognitive behavioural therapy treatments in depression.Translational psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Effectiveness of cognitive remediation in subjects with major depressive disorder: A multicenter randomized controlled study in a real-world setting.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Trial
- Computational modelling and neural correlates of reinforcement learning following three-week escitalopram: a double-blind, placebo-controlled semi-randomised study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Evaluating cognitive disturbances as treatment target and predictor of antidepressant action in major depressive disorder: A NeuroPharm study.Translational psychiatry · 2022Trial
- Genome-wide association study of positive and negative affect reveals shared genetic architecture and a potential causal relationship with cognition.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Characterizing high cognitive performance in persons with mood disorders and their unaffected relatives: associations with emotional cognition, functioning, and clinical outcomes.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2026Article
- Virtual reality-based cognitive remediation in severe mental illness: Current evidence from a narrative review.Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2026Review
- Article
- Effect of combined oral contraceptive use on verbal memory function in healthy women.Archives of women's mental health · 2025Article
- Effects on hippocampal activity following 5-HT4 receptor agonism in unmedicated patients with depression: the RESTAND study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Identification of cognitive predictors of remission in depression following limited effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on hot and cold cognitive systems.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- Positive and negative affect, related mental health traits, and cognitive performance: shared genetic architecture and potential causality.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Association between inflammation and cognition: Triangulation of evidence using a population-based cohort and Mendelian randomization analyses.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
- Serotonin 4 Receptor Brain Binding in Major Depressive Disorder and Association With Memory Dysfunction.JAMA psychiatry · 2023Article
- Deep phenotyping towards precision psychiatry of first-episode depression - the Brain Drugs-Depression cohort.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- AI-based dimensional neuroimaging system for characterizing heterogeneity in brain structure and function in major depressive disorder: COORDINATE-MDD consortium design and rationale.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Brain serotonin transporter is associated with cognitive-affective biases in healthy individuals.Human brain mapping · 2022Article
- The pattern glare and visual memory are disrupted in patients with major depressive disorder.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCognitive disturbances are common and disabling features of major depressive disorder (MDD). Previous studies provide limited insight into the co-occurrence of hot (emotion-dependent) and cold (emotion-independent) cognitive disturbances in MDD. Therefore, we here map both hot and cold cognition in depressed patients compared to healthy individuals.
methodsWe collected neuropsychological data from 92 antidepressant-free MDD patients and 103 healthy controls. All participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery assessing hot cognition including emotion processing, affective verbal memory and social cognition as well as cold cognition including verbal and working memory and reaction time.
resultsThe depressed patients showed small to moderate negative affective biases on emotion processing outcomes, moderate increases in ratings of guilt and shame and moderate deficits in verbal and working memory as well as moderately slowed reaction time compared to healthy controls. We observed no correlations between individual cognitive tasks and depression severity in the depressed patients. Lastly, an exploratory cluster analysis suggested the presence of three cognitive profiles in MDD: one characterised predominantly by disturbed hot cognitive functions, one characterised predominantly by disturbed cold cognitive functions and one characterised by global impairment across all cognitive domains. Notably, the three cognitive profiles differed in depression severity.
conclusionWe identified a pattern of small to moderate disturbances in both hot and cold cognition in MDD. While none of the individual cognitive outcomes mapped onto depression severity, cognitive profile clusters did. Overall cognition-based stratification tools may be useful in precision medicine approaches to MDD.
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