ArticleToxins2020
Defensive Venoms: Is Pain Sufficient for Predator Deterrence?
Article in Toxins, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Microbiota discovered in scorpion venom.PloS one · 2026Article
- Glandular quinoline-derivates protect crustacean woodlice from spider predation.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Article
- Sting Stories: Firsthand Experiences of Fish Envenomation Through a Small-Scale Questionnaire.Toxins · 2025Article
- Multiple mechanisms of action for an extremely painful venom.Current biology : CB · 2025Article
- Behavioural Indicators of Pain and Suffering in Arthropods and Might Pain Bite Back?Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Intersexual Differences in the Gene Expression ofToxins · 2023Article
- You are what you eat-ecological niche and microhabitat influence venom activity and composition in aquatic bugs.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
- How to Survive a (Juvenile) Piranha Attack: An Integrative Approach to Evaluating Predator Performance.Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Scorpion Species with Smaller Body Sizes and Narrower Chelae Have the Highest Venom Potency.Toxins · 2022Article
- Linking toxicity and predation in a venomous arthropod: the case ofThe journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Structural and Functional Characterization of a Novel Scorpion Toxin that Inhibits NaFrontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Electric Eels Wield a Functional Venom Analogue.Toxins · 2021Article
- Armed stem to stinger: a review of the ecological roles of scorpion weapons.The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2021Review
- Transcriptomic Analysis of Four Cerianthid (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia) Venoms.Marine drugs · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pain, though unpleasant, is adaptive in calling an animal's attention to potential tissue damage. A long list of animals representing diverse taxa possess venom-mediated, pain-inducing bites or stings that work by co-opting the pain-sensing pathways of potential enemies. Typically, such venoms include toxins that cause tissue damage or disrupt neuronal activity, rendering painful stings honest indicators of harm. But could pain alone be sufficient for deterring a hungry predator? Some venomologists have argued "no"; predators, in the absence of injury, would "see through" the bluff of a painful but otherwise benign sting or bite. Because most algogenic venoms are also toxic (although not vice versa), it has been difficult to disentangle the relative contributions of each component to predator deterrence. Southern grasshopper mice
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.