ArticleClinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology2020
Effects of Skin Lightening Cream Agents - Hydroquinone and Kojic Acid, on the Skin of Adult Female Experimental Rats.
Article in Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Skin Whitening Creams: Cosmetovigilance.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2026Review
- Potential side effects of toxic and restricted substances found in cosmetics declared to be of natural origin.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
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- Expanding the Scope of PROTACs: Opportunities and Challenges in Topical Delivery.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Changing Skin: The Prevalence, Impact, and Risks of Skin Bleaching Among African Women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
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- Exploration of Compounds with 2-Phenylbenzo[Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Patterns and Motivations of Topical Steroid Use for Skin Whitening in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey.Cureus · 2024Article
- Review
- Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of a Novel Tetraphenolic Compound as a Potential Antioxidant.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Evaluation of the Reduction of Skin Hyperpigmentation Changes under the Influence of a Preparation Containing Kojic Acid Using Hyperspectral Imaging-Preliminary Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Molecular Analysis of the Melanogenesis Inhibitory Effect of Saponins-Rich Fraction ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) among hairdressers in salons primarily serving women of color: A pilot study.Environment international · 2021Article
- Article
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Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionSkin bleaching is the act of using steroid- and chemical-containing products to lighten the skin. Hydroquinone and kojic acid are often used in skin bleaching creams. Hydroquinone was suspected to be harmful. This study investigated the effects of kojic acid and hydroquinone on the skin of adult female Wistar rats and the potential use of aloe vera for amelioration. MATERIALS AND
methodsEighty [n=80] adult female Wistar rats with an average weight of 120 g were randomly divided into eight groups, marked A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H. Group A animals served as the control group; group B was treated with 2% hydroquinone, group C was treated with 2% kojic acid, group D was treated with 4% hydroquinone, group E was treated with 4% kojic acid, group F was treated with 2% hydroquinone and 2% kojic acid, group G was treated with 4% hydroquinone and 4% kojic acid, and group H was treated with 4% hydroquinone, 4% kojic acid, and aloe vera. The preparations were applied to the tail skin and treatment lasted 28 days. Skin samples were excised and processed using H&E, Masson's trichrome, and p65 immunohistochemical assays on tissue sections.
resultsHydroquinone caused structural disruptions of the stratum corneum of the epidermis and the overlying keratin. p65 was also prominently expressed in the treated groups. Hydroquinone reduced skin thickness and caused epidermis disruption. DISCUSSION: The prominent expression of p65 in the sections indicated deleterious effects of hydroquinone. Kojic acid was not found to have deleterious effects. Aloe vera prevented extensive disruption of stratum corneum by hydroquinone. The use of hydroquinone in skin lightening creams might raise health concerns. Aloe vera could be protective against hydroquinone.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.