ArticleJournal of the American Heart Association2020
Environmental and Socioeconomic Factors Influence the Live-Born Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease: A Population-Based Study in California.
Article in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Perinatal and neonatal outcomes among women with multimorbidity during pregnancy globally: a systematic review.BMC pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Social determinants of health and outcomes for children and adults with congenital heart disease: a systematic review.Pediatric research · 2021Pooled it
- Social Inequalities in Infant Mortality Related to Congenital Anomalies: A Population-Based Register Study.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
- Impact of socioeconomic status and remoteness of residence on pregnancy outcome in major congenital heart disease: mediation analysis.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2026Article
- Trends and regional disparities in hypoplastic left heart syndrome prevalence and mortality in the USA: a nationwide study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Prediction of Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Risk in U.S. Births.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Article
- Congenital heart disease in England: a national cohort study from fetal diagnosis to end of infancy.Heart (British Cardiac Society) · 2026Article
- Postoperative complications after paediatric cardiac surgery: the role of ethnicity and deprivation - a national cohort study.Archives of disease in childhood · 2026Article
- Individual Risk Versus Population Incidence: A Case Example With Congenital Heart Defects.Academic pediatrics · 2026Article
- Identifying Inadequate Maternal Nutrition in Pregnancies Affected by Fetal Heart Defects: A Feasibility Pilot Study Using Photo-Based Diet Quality Assessment.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Article
- Neighborhood-level deprivation measures in the United States: a scoping review and reference guide for investigators.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Global Burden of Pediatric Cardiovascular Diseases of Congenital and Non-Congenital Trends from 1992 to 2021.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Congenital heart diseases: population-based cross-sectional study and spatial analysis, São Paulo, 2012-2022.Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil · 2026Article
- Maternal Socioeconomic Opportunity and Race-Ethnicity Intersect to Influence Fetal Brain Volumes in Congenital Heart Disease.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Relationship between maternal iron status and the risk of congenital heart defects: A case-control study.The Journal of international medical research · 2025Article
- Retrospective Analysis of a Multicenter Observational Study of the Relationship Between Social Determinants of Health and Complications After Children's Heart Surgery.Critical care explorations · 2025Observational
- Impact of COVID-19 on Prenatal Diagnosis and Surgical Outcomes of Congenital Heart Disease: Fetal Heart Society and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Collaborative Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- An epidemiological investigation of oral and maxillofacial anomalies in newborns and their relation to parental health in the Ha'il Region, Saudi Arabia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Racial disparities in maternal exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy and prevalence of congenital heart defects.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Effect of Maternal Race, Residential Rurality, and Social Vulnerability on Critical Congenital Heart Defect Risk.Pediatric cardiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of congenital heart disease (CHD) is multifactorial with genetic and environmental influences. We sought to determine the relationship between socioeconomic and environmental factors with the incidence of CHD among live-born infants in California and to determine whether maternal comorbidities are in the causal pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a population-based cohort study in California (2007-2012). The primary outcome was having significant CHD. Predictors included socioeconomic status and environmental exposure to pollutants determined by U.S. Census data. A social deprivation index and environmental exposure index was assigned based on neighborhood socioeconomic variables, categorized into 4 quartiles. Quartile 1 was the best with the least exposure to pollutants and social deprivation, and quartile 4 was the worst. Multivariate logistic regression and mediation analyses were performed. Among 2 419 651 live-born infants, the incidence of CHD was 3.2 per 1000 live births. The incidence of CHD was significantly higher among those in quartile 4 compared with quartile 1 (social deprivation index: 0.35% versus 0.29%; odds ratio [OR], 1.31; 95% CI, 1.21-1.41; environmental exposure index: 0.35% versus 0.29%; OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.15-1.31) after adjusting for maternal race/ethnicity and age and accounting for the relationship between the 2 primary predictors. Maternal comorbidities explained 13% (95% CI, 10%-20%) of the relationship between social deprivation index and environmental exposure index with the incidence of CHD. CONCLUSIONS Increased social deprivation and exposure to environmental pollutants are associated with the incidence of live-born CHD in California. Maternal comorbidities explain some, but not all, of this relationship. These findings identify targets for social policy initiatives to minimize health disparities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.