Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32300752›Full record

ArticleEClinicalMedicine2020

Access to women physicians and uptake of reproductive, maternal and child health services in India.

Nandita Bhan, Lotus McDougal, Abhishek Singh, Yamini Atmavilas, Anita Raj

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  6. Solutions for increasing institutional deliveries.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2021
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Nandita BhanCenter on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
Lotus McDougalCenter on Gender Equity and Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
Abhishek SinghDepartment of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
Yamini AtmavilasGender Equality, India Country Office, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, New Delhi, India.
Anita RajDivision of Social Sciences Director, Center on Gender Equity and Health (GEH), University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLow availability of women physicians in rural areas can compromise women's health care seeking, where need can be greatest. We examined the associations between availability of women physicians and maternal and child health service utilization in India.

methodsWe analyzed cross-sectional district-level data from all 256 districts in 18 states, from India's District-Level Household and Facility Survey (2012-13) and the National Family Health Survey (2015-16). Assessed measures included lady medical officers (LMOs) availability at Primary Health Centers (PHCs, which are largely rural serving), modern contraceptive use, antenatal care (ANC), skilled birth attendance (SBA), maternal postnatal care (PNC), infant PNC, and child immunization. Multilevel regression models nesting districts in states examined associations between LMO availability and health service utilization, adjusting for district-level socioeconomic status (SES) indicators (e.g., women's education, household water access), urbanicity, health insurance coverage and sampled PHCs (15 on average) within districts.

findingsOnly 72 of 256 districts (28.1%) reported >50% of PHCs with LMOs. In multivariable models, LMO availability in PHCs was associated with higher district prevalence (%) of modern contraceptive use [β=0.04 (95% CI: 0.007, 0.08)], 4+ ANC [β =0.07 (95% CI: 0.008, 0.13)], skilled birth attendance [β=0.09 (0.03, 0.14) and maternal PNC [β=0.08 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.12)], but not infant PNC or child immunization.

interpretationHigher district availability of women physicians is associated with higher maternal health care utilization but not child health care utilization. Improving gender parity in the physician workforce and rural women physician access may improve maternal health care use in India.

Indexed as

Abbreviations. AHS, Annual Health SurveyANC, antenatal careANM, Auxiliary Nurse MidwifeBCG, bacillus Calmette GuerinDHS, Demographic and Health SurveysDLHS, District level Household and Facility SurveyDPT, diphtheria pertussis and tetanusFemale physiciansGender equityHealth workforceHIC, high income countriesHMIS, Health Management Information SystemIIPS, International Institute for Population SciencesILO, International Labor OrganizationIPHS, Indian Public Health StandardsLHV, lady health visitorLMIC, low-and-middle income countriesLMO, Lady Medical OfficerMaternal and child health servicesMoHFW, Ministry of Health & Family WelfareNFHS, National Family Health SurveyNHM, National Health MissionNHRM, National Rural Health MissionNUHM, National Urban Health MissionOLS, ordinary least squaresPHC, Primary Health CenterPNC, postnatal careRMCH, reproductive, maternal and child healthWomen doctors

Identifiers

PMID32300752
PMCPMC7152807

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.