ReviewFrontiers in neuroscience2020
Neuromodulation of the Pineal Gland via Electrical Stimulation of Its Sympathetic Innervation Pathway.
Review in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rhythmic patterns in microglial cells within the circadian pineal gland from male rats.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2026Article
- Article
- Circadian IOP Rhythm in Rats Is Driven by Neural Signals From the Brain.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Morphology of the Human Pineal Gland Studied by Freeze-Fracturing in Scanning Electron Microscopy.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Exploration of the white matter bundles connected to the pineal gland: A DTI study.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2024Article
- Postnatal Development of the Circadian Rhythmicity of Human Pineal Melatonin Synthesis and Secretion (Systematic Review).Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Pituitary germinoma after resection of a mature third ventricular teratoma: illustrative case.Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons · 2024Article
- Innervation of pineal gland by the nervus conarii: a review of this almost forgotten structure.Anatomy & cell biology · 2023Review
- Effects of Supplementation with the Standardized Extract of Saffron (affronAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Histogenesis of intracranial germ cell tumors: primordial germ cell vs. embryonic stem cell.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2023Review
- Consequences of spinal cord injury on the sympathetic nervous system.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2023Review
- Schizophrenia Hypothesis: Autonomic Nervous System Dysregulation of Fetal and Adult Immune Tolerance.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2022Article
- Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Tryptophan Metabolism.International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Stimulation of the pineal gland via its sympathetic innervation pathway results in the production of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin. Melatonin has many therapeutic roles and is heavily implicated in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. In addition, N-acetylserotonin has recently been reported to promote neurogenesis in the brain. Upregulation of these indoleamines is possible via neuromodulation of the pineal gland. This is achieved by electrical stimulation of structures or fibres in the pineal gland sympathetic innervation pathway. Many studies have performed such pineal neuromodulation using both invasive and non-invasive methods. However, the effects of various experimental variables and stimulation paradigms has not yet been reviewed and evaluated. This review summarises these studies and presents the optimal experimental protocols and stimulation parameters necessary for maximal upregulation of melatonin metabolic output.
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