Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32298621›Full record

ReviewTrends in cognitive sciences2020

Knowing Ourselves Together: The Cultural Origins of Metacognition.

Cecilia Heyes, Dan Bang, Nicholas Shea, Christopher D Frith, Stephen M Fleming

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Trends in cognitive sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
41citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
19.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 223 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Towards an integrative neuroscience of metacognition.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026
    Review
  4. Sociolinguistic Context Constrains Bilingual Advantages in Metacognition.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Psychometric properties of the metacognition questionnaire (MCQ-A) in Spanish adolescents.Psicologia, reflexao e critica : revista semestral do Departamento de Psicologia da UFRGS · 2025
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Sharing the World-A Social Aspect of Consciousness.Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science · 2025
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Rethinking Norm Psychology.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2024
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Cecilia HeyesAll Souls College, University of Oxford, High Street, Oxford OX1 4AL, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK. Electronic address: cecilia.heyes@all-souls.ox.ac.uk.
Dan BangDepartment of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
Nicholas SheaInstitute of Philosophy, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU, UK; Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
Christopher D FrithWellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Institute of Philosophy, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU, UK.
Stephen M FlemingWellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London WC1B 5EH, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK. Electronic address: stephen.fleming@ucl.ac.uk.
University of Oxford · GBNational Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery · GBWellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging · GB

Funding

Wellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Metacognition - the ability to represent, monitor and control ongoing cognitive processes - helps us perform many tasks, both when acting alone and when working with others. While metacognition is adaptive, and found in other animals, we should not assume that all human forms of metacognition are gene-based adaptations. Instead, some forms may have a social origin, including the discrimination, interpretation, and broadcasting of metacognitive representations. There is evidence that each of these abilities depends on cultural learning and therefore that cultural selection might shape human metacognition. The cultural origins hypothesis is a plausible and testable alternative that directs us towards a substantial new programme of research.

Indexed as

MetacognitionAdaptation, PhysiologicalAnimalsHumansLearningconfidencecultural evolutioncultural learningmetacognition

Identifiers

PMID32298621
PMCPMC7903141
OpenAlexW3009231711

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.