ArticleThe oncologist2020
Endocrine-Related Adverse Events Related to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proposed Algorithms for Management.
Article in The oncologist, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Retrospective Study on the Clinical Characteristics and Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Gynecologic Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Article
- Beyond Tumor Immunity: The Disruption of Endocrine and Infectious Homeostasis by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Lessons learned from a decade of immune checkpoint inhibition: The good, the bad, and the ugly.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors and endocrinopathies in pediatric brain tumor patients.Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM · 2025Article
- Pembrolizumab with external radiation therapy effectively controlled TMB-high unresectable recurrent parathyroid cancer: a case report with review of literature.Endocrine journal · 2024Review
- Thyroid disorders induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors.Endocrine · 2024Review
- Exploring the Complexity and Promise of Tumor Immunotherapy in Drug Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Hypopituitarism with secondary adrenocortical insufficiency and arginine vasopressin deficiency due to hypophysitis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report.BMC endocrine disorders · 2024Article
- Non-Invasive Predictive Biomarkers for Immune-Related Adverse Events Due to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Cancers · 2024Review
- Endocrine Adverse Events Related To Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment: Relationship Between Antibodies and Severity of Thyroid Dysfunction.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2024Observational
- Life-Threatening Endocrinological Immune-Related Adverse Events of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.Cancers · 2023Review
- Predictors of thyroid adverse events during cancer immunotherapy: a real-life experience at a single center.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Article
- Adrenal insufficiency in thyroid cancer patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and detected by ACTH stimulation test.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Article
- Article
- Challenges and Limitations of Endocrine Toxicity Evaluation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy-Retrospective Study from a Tertiary-Level Hospital in Romania.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) consensus definitions for immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated immune-related adverse events (irAEs) terminology.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Article
- Central diabetes insipidus: a late sequela of BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine?BMC endocrine disorders · 2023Article
- Prognostic Significance of the Severity of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Advanced Cancer Patients Treated with PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors: A Real-World Data Analysis.Targeted oncology · 2023Article
- Severe thyrotoxicosis induced by tislelizumab: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Endocrine side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have proven to be effective for various advanced neoplasia. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) as a result of increased T cell activation are unique and potentially life-threating toxicities associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Multiple endocrine irAEs, including primary hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, primary adrenal insufficiency, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and hypophysitis, have been reported with the use of various immune checkpoint inhibitors. In some cases, these irAEs can lead to discontinuation of treatment. Here we propose for the general oncologist algorithms for managing endocrine irAEs to aid in the clinical care of patients receiving immunotherapy. KEY POINTS: There is a relative high risk of endocrine immune-related adverse events (irAEs) during therapy with checkpoint inhibitors, particularly when combination therapy is implemented. Patients treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies have an increased risk of hypophysitis, whereas patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies have a higher risk of primary thyroid dysfunction. Rarely, patients develop T1DM and central diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism is a rare occurrence. A growing clinical understanding of endocrine irAEs has led to effective treatment strategies with hormone replacement.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.