ReviewJournal of neuro-oncology2020
Intracranial growing teratoma syndrome (iGTS): an international case series and review of the literature.
Review in Journal of neuro-oncology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Japan Society for Neuro-Oncology guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system germ cell tumors.Neuro-oncology · 2022Guideline
- Case Report: Intracranial growing teratoma syndrome in two children with suprasellar mixed germ cell tumors: implications for the timing of surgery.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Central nervous system tumors in adolescents and young adults: A Society for Neuro-Oncology Consensus Review on diagnosis, management, and future directions.Neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- A Rare Case of Intracranial Growing Teratoma Syndrome in a Young Adult.Brain tumor research and treatment · 2024Article
- Successful Multimodal Treatment of Intracranial Growing Teratoma Syndrome with Malignant Features.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2024Article
- Article
- Pineal/germ cell tumors and pineal parenchymal tumors.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2023Review
- Pediatric pineal region masses: a single-center experience over 25 years.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2023Article
- A case series and literature review on 98 pediatric patients of germ cell tumor developing growing teratoma syndrome.Cancer medicine · 2023Review
- Outcome of Children and Adolescents With Primary Intracranial Germinoma Treated With Chemotherapy and Reduced Dose-Field Irradiation: A Prospective Brazilian Experience.JCO global oncology · 2023Article
- CNS non-germinomatous germ cell tumor (NGGCT): Lessons from the recent past.Neuro-oncology · 2022Article
- Pattern of treatment failures in patients with central nervous system non-germinomatous germ cell tumors (CNS-NGGCT): A pooled analysis of clinical trials.Neuro-oncology · 2022Article
- EANO, SNO and Euracan consensus review on the current management and future development of intracranial germ cell tumors in adolescents and young adults.Neuro-oncology · 2022Article
- Staged operations for a hypervascular mixed germ cell tumor with growing teratoma syndrome: a case report.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2022Article
- Advances in Molecular Profiling and Developing Clinical Trials of CNS Germ Cell Tumors: Present and Future Directions.Current oncology reports · 2022Review
- Resection of a recurrent pineal region teratoma via a posterior interhemispheric transcallosal approach.Neurosurgical focus: Video · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 20 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeIntracranial growing teratoma syndrome (iGTS) is a rare phenomenon of paradoxical growth of a germ cell tumor (GCT) during treatment despite normalization of tumor markers. We sought to evaluate the frequency, clinical characteristics and outcome of iGTS in Western countries.
methodsPediatric patients from 22 North American and Australian institutions diagnosed with iGTS between 2000 and 2017 were retrospectively evaluated.
resultsFrom a total of 777 cases of central nervous system (CNS) GCT, 39 cases of iGTS were identified for an overall frequency of 5%. Pineal region was a more frequent location for iGTS as compared to cases of GCT without iGTS (p < 0.00001). In patients with an initial tissue diagnosis of GCT, immature teratoma was present in 50%. Serum AFP or ßhCG was detectable in 87% of patients (median values 66 ng/mL and 44 IU/L, respectively). iGTS occurred at a median of 2 months (range 0.5-32) from diagnosis, in the majority of patients. All patients underwent surgical resection, leading to gross total resection in 79%. Following surgery, all patients resumed adjuvant therapy or post treatment follow-up for GCT. At a median follow-up of 5.3 years (range 0.2-11.8), 37 (95%) of patients are alive, including 5 with stable residual mass.
conclusioniGTS occurs in 5% of patients with GCT in Western countries. Tumors of the pineal region and GCT containing immature teratoma appear to be associated with a higher risk of developing iGTS. Complete surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment. Overall survival of patients developing iGTS remains favorable.
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