Article3D printing in medicine2020
Identifying a commercially-available 3D printing process that minimizes model distortion after annealing and autoclaving and the effect of steam sterilization on mechanical strength.
Article in 3D printing in medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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12 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of build position on the accuracy and flexural properties of resin model materials for three-dimensional printing technologies.Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society · 2026Article
- Sustainable Thermal Post-Processing of PLA 3D Prints: Increased Dimensional Precision and Autoclave Compatibility.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Article
- Optimizing Luminous Transmittance of a Three-Dimensional-Printed Fixed Bed Photobioreactor.3D printing and additive manufacturing · 2024Article
- A survey regarding the organizational aspects and quality systems of in-house 3D printing in oral and maxillofacial surgery in Germany.Oral and maxillofacial surgery · 2023Article
- Effect of Sterilization on the Dimensional and Mechanical Behavior of Polylactic Acid Pieces Produced by Fused Deposition Modeling.Polymers · 2023Article
- Current Concepts in the Resection of Bone Tumors Using a Patient-Specific Three-Dimensional Printed Cutting Guide.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2023Review
- A state-of-the-art guide about the effects of sterilization processes on 3D-printed materials for surgical planning and medical applications: A comparative study.International journal of bioprinting · 2023Article
- Heat Sterilization Effects on Polymeric, FDM-Optimized Orthopedic Cutting Guide for Surgical Procedures.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2021Article
- Utilizing patient-specific 3D printed guides for graft reconstruction in thoracoabdominal aortic repair.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- In-House, Fast FDM Prototyping of a Custom Cutting Guide for a Lower-Risk Pediatric Femoral Osteotomy.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Comparing cost and print time estimates for six commercially-available 3D printers obtained through slicing software for clinically relevant anatomical models.3D printing in medicine · 2021Article
- Optimization of community-led 3D printing for the production of protective face shields.3D printing in medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFused deposition modeling 3D printing is used in medicine for diverse purposes such as creating patient-specific anatomical models and surgical instruments. For use in the sterile surgical field, it is necessary to understand the mechanical behavior of these prints across 3D printing materials and after autoclaving. It has been previously understood that steam sterilization weakens polylactic acid, however, annealing heat treatment of polylactic acid increases its crystallinity and mechanical strength. We aim to identify an optimal and commercially available 3D printing process that minimizes distortion after annealing and autoclaving and to quantify mechanical strength after these interventions.
methodsThirty millimeters cubes with four different infill geometries were 3D printed and subjected to hot water-bath annealing then immediate autoclaving. Seven commercially available 3D printing materials were tested to understand their mechanical behavior after intervention. The dimensions in the X, Y, and Z axes were measured before and after annealing, and again after subsequent autoclaving. Standard and strength-optimized Army-Navy retractor designs were printed using the 3D printing material and infill geometry that deformed the least. These retractors were subjected to annealing and autoclaving interventions and tested for differences in mechanical strength.
resultsFor both the annealing and subsequent autoclaving intervention, the material and infill geometry that deformed the least, respectively, was Essentium PLA Gray and "grid". Standard retractors without intervention failed at 95 N +/- 2.4 N. Annealed retractors failed at 127.3 N +/- 10 N. Autoclave only retractors failed at 15.7 N +/- 1.4 N. Annealed then autoclaved retractors failed at 19.8 N +/- 3.1 N. Strength-optimized retractors, after the annealing then autoclaving intervention, failed at 164.8 N +/- 12.5 N.
conclusionFor 30 mm cubes, the 3D printing material and infill geometry that deformed the least, respectively, was Essentium PLA and "grid". Hot water-bath annealing results in increased 3D printed model strength, however autoclaving 3D prints markedly diminishes strength. Strength-optimized 3D printed PLA Army-Navy retractors overcome the strength limitation due to autoclaving.
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