ReviewClinical kidney journal2020
Acute kidney injury and adverse outcomes of critical illness: correlation or causation?
Review in Clinical kidney journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictive Value of Anion Gap for Acute Kidney Injury Progression and Outcomes.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Trial
- Comparative Neurotoxicity of Polymyxin B and Colistin in Patients With Cancer.Pharmacotherapy · 2026Article
- Construction and validation of a predictive nomogram for 28-day mortality in critically ill patients with toxic encephalopathy.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- Association of obesity and nutritional status on early sepsis-associated acute kidney injury in older patients with sepsis.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Article
- Acute kidney injury in hospitalized children with diphtheria in northwestern Nigeria: incidence and hospitalization outcomes.Renal failure · 2025Article
- Validation of an assay for NGAL in a pediatric population.Practical laboratory medicine · 2025Article
- Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia: Evaluation and Management in Adults.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- CLEAVAGE OF IGFBP-1 BY AN ENZYME IN URINE PREDICTS THE FUTURE NEED FOR KIDNEY REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY.Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association · 2025Article
- Pediatric acute kidney injury and adverse health outcomes: using a foundational framework to evaluate a causal link.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Review
- Early Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury and Obesity.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Severe Vitamin D Deficiency is Associated with Mortality Risk in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Kidney Injury.International journal of general medicine · 2024Article
- Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and acute kidney injury: a single-center retrospective cohort.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Observational
- Etiology and outcomes of acute kidney disease in children: a cohort study.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2023Article
- A Synopsis of Current Theories on Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Acute Kidney Injury after Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography-A Hospital-Based Prospective Observational Study.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Online Hemodiafiltration Compared to Conventional Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients.Kidney international reports · 2022Article
- Additive harmful effects of acute kidney injury and acute heart failure on mortality in hospitalized patients.Kidney research and clinical practice · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Critically ill patients who develop acute kidney injury (AKI) are more than twice as likely to die in hospital. However, it is not clear to what extent AKI is the cause of excess mortality, or merely a correlate of illness severity. The Bradford Hill criteria for causality (plausibility, temporality, magnitude, specificity, analogy, experiment & coherence, biological gradient and consistency) were applied to assess the extent to which AKI may be causative in adverse short-term outcomes of critical illness. Plausible mechanisms exist to explain increased risk of death after AKI, both from direct pathophysiological effects of renal dysfunction and mechanisms of organ cross-talk in multiple-organ failure. The temporal relationship between increased mortality following AKI is consistent with its pathophysiology. AKI is associated with substantially increased mortality, an association that persists after accounting for known confounders. A biological gradient exists between increasing severity of AKI and increasing short-term mortality. This graded association shares similar features to the increased mortality observed in ARDS; an analogous condition with a multifactorial aetiology. Evidence for the outcomes of AKI from retrospective cohort studies and experimental animal models is coherent however both of these forms of evidence have intrinsic biases and shortcomings. The relationship between AKI and risk of death is maintained across a range of patient ages, comorbidities and underlying diagnoses. In conclusion many features of the relationship between AKI and short-term mortality suggest causality. Prevention and mitigation of AKI and its complications are valid targets for studies seeking to improve short-term survival in critical care.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.