Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32296089›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2020

Azimuthal multiplexing 3D diffractive optics.

Haiyan Wang, Rafael Piestun

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Haiyan WangDepartment of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA. hawa8774@colorado.edu.
Rafael PiestunDepartment of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1240-7049

Funding

National Science Foundation (NSF) 1548924National Science Foundation (NSF) 1556473
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Diffractive optics have increasingly caught the attention of the scientific community. Classical diffractive optics are 2D diffractive optical elements (DOEs) and computer-generated holograms (CGHs), which modulate optical waves on a solitary transverse plane. However, potential capabilities are missed by the inherent two-dimensional nature of these devices. Previous work has demonstrated that extending the modulation from planar (2D) to volumetric (3D) enables new functionalities, such as generating space-variant functions, multiplexing in the spatial or spectral domain, or enhancing information capacity. Unfortunately, despite significant progress fueled by recent interest in metasurface diffraction, 3D diffractive optics still remains relatively unexplored. Here, we introduce the concept of azimuthal multiplexing. We propose, design, and demonstrate 3D diffractive optics showing this multiplexing effect. According to this new phenomenon, multiple pages of information are encoded and can be read out across independent channels by rotating one or more diffractive layers with respect to the others. We implement the concept with multilayer diffractive optical elements. An iterative projection optimization algorithm helps solve the inverse design problem. The experimental realization using photolithographically fabricated multilevel phase layers demonstrates the predicted performance. We discuss the limitations and potential of azimuthal multiplexing 3D diffractive optics.

Identifiers

PMID32296089
PMCPMC7160109

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.